浙江省商品有机肥中重金属含量变化趋势及风险管控对策

  【目的】  有机肥是农业生产的重要肥源,了解有机肥质量安全现状,可为有机肥合理施用和管控提供参考。  【方法】  于2017年采集浙江省96家有机肥生产企业共99个商品有机肥样品,研究分析其Hg、As、Cd、Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn和Ni 8种重金属含量、分布特征、污染成因及施用风险。并与2013年文献进行比较,分析重金属含量的变化。  【结果】  1) 商品有机肥中Hg、As、Cd、Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni的平均含量分别为0.17、5.5、0.63、17.3、33.2、213.8、660.5、17.7 mg/kg,变异系数为54.9%～151.3%,含量差异较大。相比2013年,Cd、Pb、Cr、Hg和As含量在2017年均有所降低,降幅为23.0%～72.7%,其中Hg和As含量大体呈逐年下降趋势,2017年较2009年平均含量分别下降74.2%和51.8%,Cr和Pb平均含量较2010年分别下降74.9%和54.4%,Cd平均含量在近4年降幅明显,2017年较2013年下降72.7%。但商品有机肥中As仍有8.1%超标,Cu、Zn含量偏高,Ni含量有增加趋势。Cu、Zn、Ni是浙江省商品有机肥主要风险因子。2) 主成分和相关性分析表明,Cu-Zn、Cr-Ni-Hg、Cd-Pb重金属污染来源具有同源性。Cu、Zn、As以饲料添加来源为主,Cr、Hg、Ni主要来源于饲料原料本身,Cd、Pb则以饲料原料本身、生产粘结剂或生产环境来源为主。3) 商品有机肥成分配方复杂,猪粪原料占比较大,其次为鸡粪和牛粪。根据NY 525—2012有机肥重金属限量标准,以猪粪为主要原料的有机肥As超标率9.6%,以鸡粪、羊粪为主要原料的有机肥未出现重金属超标,根据德国腐熟堆肥重金属限量标准,以猪粪和鸡粪为主要原料的有机肥Cu、Zn超标样品较多,Ni只在以猪粪和鸡粪为主要原料的有机肥中出现超标。4) 长期施用含重金属商品有机肥,存在土壤重金属积累风险。按有机肥年施肥量30 t/hm2推算,Cu、Zn和Cd风险相对较大,安全使用年限分别为14、18、34 年。  【结论】  浙江省商品有机肥总体质量安全程度较高,有机肥中Cr、Pb、Hg、As、Cd含量近年来得到较好的控制,但Cu、Zn、Ni含量偏高,部分As含量超标,长期施用条件下存在土壤重金属累积风险,因此需加强对有机肥中重金属的管控,制定商品有机肥中Cu、Zn、Ni限量标准,以保障土壤长期可持续利用。     

Field resistance to bacterial canker in some cherry seedling populations

In 9–13 year old cherry seedling populations, totalling 1,033 individuals, a preliminary selection was made in 1963, for field resistance to bacterial canker (Pseudomonas syringae van Hall).The field resistance of the three cherry species used, P. avium, P. cerasus and P. avium × P. cerasus, has shown to be low, high and very high, respectively.     

Comparative study of two methods for extraction of aflatoxin from peanut meal and peanut butter

The difference between the CB and Best Foods methods in extracting aflatoxins from peanut products has been studied. The CB method yields 60, 121, 35, and 22% higher results for aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2, respectively for 4 samples of peanut meal and 6 samples of peanut butter studied. Both reverse phase liquid chromatography and thin layer chromatography were used to quantitate the extracted aflatoxins.     

The chemistry of humic and fulvic acids extracted from argentine soils—I. Analytical characteristics

Five humic and three fulvic acids were extracted from Argentine Chestnut, Brunizem, Solod and Solonetz soils and analysed by electrometric, spectroscopic and spectrometric methods. There were great similarities in elementary analysis, functional group content, absorption characteristics in the visible region and in the IR, and in the ESR measurements between the humic acids and, similarly, between the fulvic acids. There were distinct differences between the humic and fulvic acids in C, H, N and O content, distribution of oxygen in functional groups, E₄/E₆ ratios and free radical content.     

Major mechanisms in formation of spodic horizons

Current explanations of the formation of spodic horizons do not accomodate all features of the horizons in their natural state. In this paper, a more complete explanation of major mechanisms is proposed, using two principles of colloid chemistry: (1) organic substances may form hydrophylic colloids with surface charges, and (2) the hydrophylic character and negative surface charges determine the dispersibility of the colloids. The hydrophylic character is due to the presence of hydrophylic radicals as parts of the organic compounds in soils. The surface charges are the result of dissociation of -COOH and possibly phenol-OH radicals.The neutralization of the surface charge can in principle occur: (1) through electrostatic or physical adsorption and (2) through chemisorption. The first case is typical for monovalent alkali cations. The adsorbed cations are distributed in a double layer, which favours dispersion. Chemisorption occurs mostly with polyvalent cations. This process corresponds in reality to the formation of organo-metallic compounds. It results in a relatively complete disappearance of the double layer and in the formation of large immobile “polymerized” organo-metallic compounds. Because these compounds contain much hydrophylic water, they form a gel. Transition into the solid state is accompanied by the loss of most of the hydration water. The dehydration may be induced by a decrease in thickness of the double layer. At a certain stage of the dehydration process, Van der Waals bonds and protonic bridges can form and bring about a certain degree of hydrophoby.In soils, mobile organic substances are formed during breakdown of plant remains. If at the top of the mineral soil enough polyvalent cations, especially Al and Fe, are available, the mobile organic substances formed are immobilized immediately and no migration occurs. In case insufficient amounts of Al and/or Fe are available to completely immobilize the mobile compounds, these cations are complexed by the mobile compounds and transported downward. Immobilization may occur at some depth through supplementary fixation of cations, through dessication or on arrival at a level with different ionic concentration.In nature, spodic horizons range from loose, with many roots, to very cemented with few roots. These differences can be related to changes in microstructure. Loose spodic horizons have a predominance of polymorphic pellets and aggregates, whereas organans or monomorphic coatings prevail in cemented horizons. The former horizons have many features suggesting major biological influences during their formation, viz., high numbers of roots, thorough mixing of the organic units with clay and silt, the presence of pedotubules and relatively young mean residence times. The latter horizons have features consistent with organo-metallic compounds immobilized in a gel-state, viz., the coatings are strongly cracked, indicating the transition of a gel into a solid; they contain much Al or Al plus Fe but very little or no Si, and the mean residence time is considerably higher than in loose horizons.The two processes seem to operate simultaneously during the formation of spodic horizons and their relative intensities determine the composition of each spodic horizon at any moment in its evolution. As long as the biological activity predominates, the horizon remains loose; if the accumulation of mobile organo-metallic compounds starts to prevail, the horizon is gradually cemented and fossilized.     

Induction of Defense Gene Expression and the Resistance of Date Palm to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Albedinis in Response to Alginate Extracted from Bifurcaria bifurcata

In many African countries, the Bayoud is a common disease spread involving the fungus Fusarium oxusporum f. sp. albedinis (Foa). The induction of plant natural defenses through the use of seaweed polysaccharides to help plants against pathogens is currently a biological and ecological approach that is gaining more and more importance. In the present study, we used alginate, a natural polysaccharide extracted from a brown algae Bifurcaria bifurcata, to activate date palm defenses, which involve phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), a key enzyme of phenylpropanoid metabolism. The results obtained showed that at low concentration (1 g·L⁻¹), alginate stimulated PAL activity in date palm roots 5 times more compared to the negative control (water-treated) after 24 h following treatment and 2.5 times more compared to the laminarin used as a positive stimulator of plant natural defenses (positive control of induction). Using qRT-PCR, the expression of a selection of genes involved in three different levels of defense mechanisms known to be involved in response to biotic stresses were investigated. The results showed that, generally, the PAL gene tested and the genes encoding enzymes involved in early oxidative events (SOD and LOX) were overexpressed in the alginate-treated plants compared to their levels in the positive and negative controls. POD and PR protein genes selected encoding β-(1,3)-glucanases and chitinases in this study did not show any significant difference between treatments; suggesting that other genes encoding POD and PR proteins that were not selected may be involved. After 17 weeks following the inoculation of the plants with the pathogen Foa, treatment with alginate reduced the mortality rate by up to 80% compared to the rate in control plants (non-elicited) and plants pretreated with laminarin, which agrees with the induction of defense gene expression and the stimulation of natural defenses in date palm with alginate after 24 h. These results open promising prospects for the use of alginate in agriculture as an inducer that triggers immunity of plants against telluric pathogens in general and of date palm against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis in particular.     

盐碱胁迫下绒毛白蜡种子的萌发特性

将中性盐NaC l,Na2SO4和2种碱性盐NaHCO3,Na2CO3按不同比例混合,模拟出20种盐度、碱度各不相同的复杂盐碱逆境条件,进行绒毛白蜡种子发芽试验。测定其发芽率等6项指标,结果表明:在混合盐碱的胁迫作用下,绒毛白蜡种子的发芽受到明显的抑制,发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数等指标呈下降趋势,并随盐碱度递增,下降趋势变大,高盐高碱的共同作用结果远远大于单纯的高盐或高碱,SOD的活性总体上有不同程度的增加,CAT在不同处理组间均呈现上升的趋势,在50,100mmol/L的组内呈上升趋势,但在200,300mmol/L组内则是先升后降。可见盐胁迫与碱胁迫是2种完全不同的胁迫,应将碱性盐胁迫称为碱胁迫,而通常所说的盐胁迫应仅指中性盐胁迫,而且两者具有明显的协同作用。     

茶树病虫害识别防治信息查询系统的开发

本文应用VB6.0开发茶树病虫害识别防治信息查询系统,该查询系统界面友好、使用方便、共收入茶树病虫害77种.其中病害24种,叶部病害11种,枝部病害8种,根部病害5种;虫害53种,食叶性害虫24种,刺吸式害虫18种,钻蛀性害虫7种,地下害虫4种.该系统通过安装向导创建安装程序后即可使用,适合基层农技推广人员、茶农及科研人员作信息查询使用.     

日本鳗li初孵仔鱼耗氧率的初步研究

研究了不同盐度、温度、光照条件下日本鳗鲡仔鱼 ( 4 .4 2± 0 .0 34 mm )的耗氧情况。结果表明 ,幼鱼的耗氧率随盐度的升高而下降 ,随温度的升高而上升 ,耗氧率遮光比在自然光下要低。同时还测定了幼鱼的窒息点。