Influence of the depth of the casing layer and the harvesting time on changes of the water content of the casing layer and the substrate caused by the first flush of mushrooms

The water extracted from casing layer and substrate by the fruit bodies of the first flush of a mushroom culture (Agaricus bisporus) was investigated. In cultures with a 5-cm casing layer, 33–34% of the water in the sporophores came from the casing, and the remainder from the substrate. In cultures with thin casing layers (3–3.5 cm), only 14–15% of the water came from the casing. Fruit bodies from thin layers contained less water than the ones from thicker layers. Fruit bodies from thick casing layers (6 cm) and harvested early took 36–37% of their water from the casing. Mushrooms from the late harvest (caps fully open) took 40–51% of their water from the casing layer and contained more water than early-harvested ones. The sporophores of the first flush extracted more water (g per g substrate) from the top third of the substrate than from the lower layers.     

Embryo transfer for conserving valuable genetic material from swine herds with pseudorabies

Embryo transfer was used to conserve genetic material from 2 swine herds seropositive for pseudorabies virus (PRV). Embryos (n = 805) were recovered from 38 PRV-seropositive Duroc sows in Iowa and, after 4 to 10 hours' culture and shipment to Illinois, were transferred to 34 recipients from a herd seronegative for PRV. All recipients remained seronegative for PRV, and 22 of the recipients farrowed 208 pigs (189 alive) that also were seronegative for PRV. There was no evidence of PRV in the embryo recovery medium or in the uterine and oviductal cells recovered with the embryos. Transfer of morulae resulted in higher (P less than 0.02) farrowing rates than did transfer of 4- to 8-cell embryos, but litter size was not affected.     

Nematodes and fungal diseases in barley and wheat on Prince Edward Island

A total of 31 genera and 28 species of plant and soil nematodes were identified from 30 commercial fields each of barley and wheat on Prince Edward Island. Root-lesion nematodes, primarily Pratylenchus penetrans, were the dominant plant parasites, and the only endoparasitic nematodes recovered from roots. Root-lesion nematodes were the dominant genus in soil, but stunt nematodes (Tylenchorhynchus spp., primarily T. dubius, and Merlinius spp.), and pin nematodes (Paratylenchus spp.) were also recovered frequently. Common root rot, barley net blotch, and wheat leaf blotch, incited by Cochliobolus sativus, Pyrenophora teres, and Leptosphaeria nodorum, respectively, were prevalent in barley and wheat. The nematicide aldicarb reduced the numbers of root-lesion nematodes in roots and soil in experimental plots during 1984–1987, except from soil in wheat and barley in 1984 and in barley in 1986. Aldicarb treatments also increased grain yields significantly by 10% and 19% in 1984 and 1987, respectively. Aldicarb treatments did not affect the incidence of common root rot, barley net blotch, or wheat leaf blotch disease. Correlation and regression analyses of data from experimental plots did not indicate any significant relationships between population levels of root-lesion nematodes in roots or soil and severity of root or foliar diseases in barley or wheat.     

The interpretation of antimicrobial susceptibility patterns.

The results of a computer model designed to demonstrate the effect of antimicrobial exposure (therapy) on the likelihood of isolating putative pathogens and on the proportion of successfully isolated organisms resistant to specific antimicrobials are presented. The results indicate that the observed percentage resistant is not a reliable indicator of the actual percentage resistant in the source population. Data from the Bruce County Beef Project in 1979-80 are used to verify some of the assumptions used in the model.     

Bericht über eine Reise nach Ostmähren und der Slowakei 1974 zur Sammlung autochthoner Sippen von Kulturpflanzen

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

A soil sequence in the natural and reclaimed marshes of the Guadalquivir river,Seville (Spain)

Five soil profiles from a saline zone in the province of Seville (“Marismas del Guadalquivir”, SW. Spain) and one from an adjacent non-saline zone, have been analyzed in order to determine their physical and chemical properties and their classification.All of these soils are recent and of fine texture. Hydraulic conductivity, except in top layers, as well as aeration porosity, is always low; non-available water holding capacity and linear extensibility, high. Differences are however found between those located near the river channel and those at the limit of Marismas in contact with vertisols, due to parent material, situation and use. Particularly noticeable is the progressive increment of their vertic character.