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851.
Kuniyoshi Shimizu Shoko Fukunaga Keisuke Yoshikawa Ryuichiro Kondo 《Journal of Wood Science》2007,53(2):153-160
The effects of 120 methanol extracts prepared from bark and heartwood of 69 types of Japanese wood on the melanin production
of B16 melanoma cells were examined. The melanin content of B16 melanoma cells was determined spectrophotometrically at 405nm.
The extracts were also examined for their effects on cell viability. We found that the methanol extracts of Fagus crenata (buna, wood, 100μg/ml), Sapium sebiferum (Nankinhaze, wood, bark, 10μg/ml), and Zelkova serrata (keyaki, wood, 10μg/ml) greatly inhibited the melanin production of B16 melanoma cells without significant cytotoxicity.
However, these extracts did not inhibit tyrosinase activity at the concentration of 100μg/ml. These findings indicate that
the depigmenting mechanism of these extracts involves the suppression of some pigmenting signals in stimulating melanogenesis
rather than the inhibition of tyrosinase activity.
Part of this study was presented at the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Fukuoka, Japan, March 2003 相似文献
852.
Hiroto Homma Hirofumi Shinoyama Yukihiro Nobuta Yoshie Terashima Seigo Amachi Takaaki Fujii 《Journal of Wood Science》2007,53(1):80-84
Strobilurus ohshimae is an edible mushroom, and it specifically forms its fruiting bodies on buried sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) twigs. In this research, we studied lignindegrading activity of S. ohshimae. We isolated 18 strains of S. ohshimae from various regions of Japan, and determined their lignin degradation rates on sugi wood meal medium. All the strains of
S. ohshimae degraded approximately 6%–12% of sugi lignin in 30 days, and these lignin degradation rates were 1.5–3 times higher than those of Trametes versicolor, which is a typical lignin-degrading fungus. Among the three main lignin-degrading enzymes, activity of lignin peroxidase
and manganese peroxidase was not observed, while 4340U/g of laccase was produced in 30 days. To investigate the effect of
wood species on lignin degradation by S. ohshimae, the lignin degradation rate and laccase productivity on sugi wood meal medium were compared with those on beech (Fagus crenata). In T. versicolor, both lignin degradation rate and laccase productivity were higher on beech than on sugi. Conversely, in S. ohshimae, lignin degradation rate and laccase productivity were higher on sugi than on beech. Therefore, it was suggested that coniferous lignin is not always difficult to degrade for the fungi that inhabit
softwood.
Part of this article presented at the 54th Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Sapporo, August 2004 相似文献
853.
Van Den Driessche R 《Tree physiology》1991,8(3):289-295
New root growth of conifer nursery seedlings is dependent on light, but whether this is necessary only for photosynthesis, or also has some other root growth promoting effect is unknown. This question was investigated using one-year-old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedlings grown at two nurseries from the same seed lot and taken from cold storage in March and April. New root production was examined in two 10-day root growth capacity (RGC) experiments. Seedlings were subjected to one of four treatments: (1) control, (2) exclusion of light, (3) low CO(2) concentration, and (4) girdling to separate the phloem connection between shoot and root. Shoots were enclosed in Plexiglas cuvettes and supplied with scrubbed air to reduce the CO(2) concentration to 11 to 22 microl l(-1) in the light. The closed system used in Experiment 1 was opened to the atmosphere briefly each day to restore O(2) to ambient, but this was unnecessary for the open system used in Experiment 2. In Experiment 1, new root production was affected by treatments in the order: control > low CO(2) concentration > dark > girdling. Greater new root production in the low CO(2) treatment compared with the dark treatment was attributed to brief increases in CO(2) to ambient concentrations when O(2) was restored each day. In Experiment 2, new root production at the low CO(2) concentration in the light was essentially the same as in darkness, but only 17% of the control value. Thus light appeared to play no part in new root production other than permitting photosynthesis. Limited production of new roots occurred in the absence of photosynthesis, which was further reduced by girdling, presumably because, after girdling, only root system reserves could be used. 相似文献
854.
Effects of ozone and soil water availability on partitioning and translocation of assimilates were studied in three-year-old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) seedlings exposed, in separate experiments, to 0 and 106 or 0 and 514 micro g m(-3) ozone for 8 h day(-1) for 9 days. The dynamics of carbon from assimilated (14)CO(2) were followed. No interactions between ozone and soil water content were observed. Total net uptake of carbon was reduced by low soil water content, but was unaffected by ozone. Both ozone and low soil water content increased the amount of (14)C-photosynthates retained in the current-year needles. Total starch content in old and current-year needles was unaffected by ozone, but was reduced by low water availability. Translocation of carbon to the root-soil compartment was additively affected by ozone and low soil water content. The results suggest that dry periods in summer combined with high ozone concentrations cause the greatest reduction in the supply of carbon compounds to the root-soil compartment. 相似文献
855.
Xiaoxi Zhang Zengwen Liu Bochao Zhu Yuanhao Bing Nhu Trung Luc Liangzhen Du Zhenhua Zhu 《林业研究》2016,27(3):525-532
The productivity of Robinia pseudoacacia (R.p.) pure forest usually declines at the late growth stage, and reforming it into mixed forests could be a promising way to resolve this problem. When choosing a suitable tree species that can be mixed with R.p., the interspecific relationship is an important issue. Therefore, we gathered the autumn litter fall from R.p. and 10 other species from the Loess Plateau of China were mixed in dual species litterbags (R.p. + each other species) and buried them in soil for a 345 days lab decay incubation. We measured the litter mass loss and nutrient contents to determine whether the nutrient release was affected by mixed species litter decomposition. The impacts of mixed litter decomposition on macro-elements release were more obvious than on micro-elements. The litters with similar substrate quality might show variable impacts on nutrients release in mixed decomposition. The C loss and release of nutrient was improved by descending order when R.p. litter was mixed with Hippophae rhamnoides, Ulmus pumila, Populus simonii, Larix principis-rupprechtii and Quercus liaotungensis (Q.l.). But, except for Q.l., only the other species were recommended as suitable mix-plants for R.p. since promoting a high turnover of the nutrient in the litter compartment and a rapid availability for tree. 相似文献
856.
The current state of cooperation in private forestry in Lithuania is examined, with a focus on the analysis of objectives,
organisational structure and the ways forest owners’ cooperatives operate. A postal survey has been used as a main research
instrument, the questionnaire consisting of a series of multiplechoice close-ended questions. This paper provides insights
into the state forest enterprises and other private companies operating in the private forestry sector, and places forest
owners’ cooperatives in a broader context of the private forestry sector. A typical forest owner’s cooperative in Lithuania
has up to 10 members and about 20 clients to whom services are provided. The leaders of cooperatives indicate that the optimal
number of clients using their services should not exceed 40. The main stated objectives of cooperatives are the provision
of services to their members under the most attractive conditions, uniting members, and earning a profit for the members.
These activities of cooperatives revolve around timber harvesting and trade. It is concluded that the process of cooperation
of private forest owners in Lithuania is rather slow, although positive development can be observed. 相似文献
857.
The fatigue behavior of plywood specimens under shear through thickness was examined on the basis of strain energy to obtain
common empirical equations for the fatigue process and failure criterion under various loading conditions. Specimens were
cut from commercial plywood panels of 9-mm thickness. Loading conditions were set as follows: a square waveform at a loading
frequency of 0.5 Hz, a triangular waveform at 0.5 Hz, and a triangular waveform at 5.0 Hz. Peak stress applied was determined
to be 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9 of static strength, that is, stress levels of 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9. The stress-strain relationships were
measured throughout the fatigue test, and the strain energy was obtained at each loading cycle. Loading conditions apparently
affected the relationship between stress level and fatigue life. On the other hand, the relationship between mean strain energy
per cycle and fatigue life was found to be independent of loading conditions. Mean strain energy per cycle obtained as the
fatigue limit was 5.85 kJ/m3 per cycle. Assuming that the accumulation of strain energy is a fatigue indicator, the fatigue process and failure criterion
for the plywood specimens under the three loading conditions were commonly expressed by the relationship between cumulative
strain energy and loading cycles. 相似文献
858.
The three-dimensional structure of a transverse sawn wood surface was investigated using several methods, to compare techniques,
and to study the types of deformation in tracheids at the saw cut. A sample of spruce sapwood was cut with a fret saw across
the grain. The transverse sawn surface was imaged by confocal microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM),
and by light microscopy combined with serial sectioning and three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction. Both confocal microscopy
and FESEM were restricted to visualising the cut surface of the wood. However, serial sectioning was able to reveal the internal
structure below the cut surface providing more information on the types of cell deformation present. The wood structure was
deformed to depths of more than 600 μm below the surface with twisting, crushing and tearing deformations. Near the outer
surface, gaps were formed between groups of tracheids where the cell walls had been torn away to form saw dust. The deformation
tended to form groups of tracheids that were twisted relative to each other. Latewood was less distorted, forming a dense
solid surface compared to the highly fibrous earlywood. 相似文献
859.
Lifting for handling and flatbed truck transportation to the job site are important processes during manufacture of prefabri-cated wooden construction units like mini homes and building modules. Significant damage can occur to sections or components of units during these operations. Although damage usually will not impair its structural safety, it is costly to fix and causes the public to perceive prefabricated wooden buildings as low quality products. Field observations and preliminary numerical models for prefabri-cated units subject to lifting and transportation forces are summarized here. Once fully developed and verified, models will support the creation of damage mitigation strategies centered on structural details indicating how units are to be supported during lifting and transportation. 相似文献
860.
Root architecture in relation to tree-soil-crop interactions and shoot pruning in agroforestry 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Desirable root architecture for trees differs between sequential and simultaneous agroforestry systems. In sequential systems extensive tree root development may enhance nutrient capture and transfer to subsequent crops via organic pools. In simultaneous systems tree root development in the crop root zone leads to competition for resources.Fractal branching models provide relationships between proximal root diameter, close to the tree stem, and total root length or surface area. The main assumption is that a root branching proportionality factor is independent of root diameter. This was tested in a survey of 18 multipurpose trees growing on an acid soil in Lampung (Indonesia). The assumption appeared valid for all trees tested, for stems as well as roots. The proportionality factor showed a larger variability in roots than in stems and the effects of this variabilily should be further investigated. A simple index of tree root shallowness is proposed as indicator of tree root competitiveness, based on superficial roots and stem diameter.Pruning trees is a major way to benefit from tree products and at the same time reduce above-ground competition between trees and crops. It may have negative effects, however, on root distribution and enhance below-ground competition. In an experiment with five tree species, a lower height of stem pruning led to a larger number of superficial roots of smaller diameter, but had no effect on shoot:root ratios or the relative importance of the tap root. 相似文献