Ripened dairy products differentially affect hepatic lipid content and adipose tissue oxidative stress markers in obese and type 2 diabetic mice

Growing evidence suggests that the consumption of dairy products may contribute to a reduced incidence of cardiovascular risk factors, such as obesity, dyslipidemia, and type 2 diabetes. The fatty acid composition in milk fat, the duration of ripening, and the complexity of the food matrices are important factors that may interfere with the physiological impact. In this study, we treated genetic obese and type 2 diabetic mice (db/db) for 4 weeks with different dairy (cheese-based) products, differing by the duration of ripening (0, 15, or 35 days). We found that 35 days ripened product significantly improved glucose tolerance, an effect associated with a decreased adipose tissue lipid peroxide markers (TBARS and NAPDH-oxidase mRNA expression), without affecting body weight, food intake, and fat mass. Both fermented matrices significantly decreased the hepatic lipid content, without modifying plasma triglycerides or plasma total cholesterol. These data suggest that dairy products issued from longer ripening positively impact glucose tolerance, hepatic steatosis, and adipose tissue oxidative stress. Further investigations are warranted to decipher the interactions between milk products fermentation, lipids, and host metabolism.     

Sensory and chemical changes in tomato sauces during storage

The present work aimed to identify the key odorants of tomato sauces responsible for the flavor change during storage. Products made from paste or canned tomatoes were stored at 25 and 40 degrees C. Sensory properties and quantification of the key odorants were measured and correlated. Significant sensory changes appeared after 1 and 3 months at 25 degrees C in the respective dice and paste sauces (p < 0.01). The dice sauce was characterized by a steep loss of the sensory quality during the early storage and then by identical changes within the same time span at 25 and 40 degrees C. In the paste sauce the sensory deterioration was slower than for the dice sauce and occurred more extensively at 40 degrees C than at 25 degrees C. Correlation between sensory and instrumental data revealed that the source of sensory changes should be (E,E)-deca-2,4-dienal in the dice sauce. The sensory change in the paste sauce could be due to acetaldehyde, methylpropanal, 3-methylbutanal, oct-1-en-3-one, 3-methylbutanoic acid, deca-2,4-dienal, 2-methoxyphenol, and beta-damascenone.     

Representativeness of extracts of offset paper packaging and analysis of the main odor-active compounds

Packagings often carry odors due to the support and printing inks. The aim of the investigation was to define a representative solvent-free extract of paper-based packaging materials printed by the offset process, for the identification of the odor-causing volatile compounds. Static headspace and solid-phase microextraction were the two applied extraction methods. Representativeness tests showed that the odor of the PDMS fiber extract gave satisfying odor similarities with the original packaging. The sample incubation was performed at 40 degrees C for 30 min, whereas the extraction time was 3 min at 40 degrees C. Extracts of both the nonprinted and printed papers of different batches were analyzed by gas chromatography-olfactometry. 4-Phenylcyclohexene was identified as the most potent compound contributing to the latex-like odor of the nonprinted paper. Among the 13 major odorants identified by mass spectrometry, 10 were aldehydes and ketones generated by oxidation of the printing ink resins. The ratio of odorants to interferences was too low for a possible detection of the key odorants by nonseparative techniques such as sensor arrays.     

A genome-wide assessment of the genetic diversity,evolution and relationships with allied species of the clonally propagated crop Vanilla planifolia Jacks. ex Andrews

Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution - The Vanilla genus is a complex taxonomic group characterized by a vegetative reproduction mode combined with intra- and inter-specific hybridizations, and...     

Pigs fed camelina meal increase hepatic gene expression of cytochrome 8b1, aldehyde dehydrogenase,and thiosulfate transferase

Camelina sotiva is an oil seed crop which can be grown on marginal lands. Camelina seed oil is rich in omega-3fatty acids(35%) and y-tocopherol but is also high in erucic acid and glucosinolates. Camelina meal, is the by-product after the oil has been extracted. Camelina meal was fed to 28 d old weaned pigs at 3.7% and 7.4% until age 56 d. The camelina meal supplements in the soy based diets, improved feed efficiency but also significantly increased the liver weights. Gene expression analyses of the livers, using intra-species microarrays, identified increased expression of phase 1 and phase 2 drug metabolism enzymes. The porcine versions of the enzymes were confirmed by real time PCR. Cytochrome 8b1(CYP8B1), aldehyde dehydrogenase 2(Aldh2), and thiosulfate transferase(TST) were all significantly stimulated. Collectively, these genes implicate the camelina glucosinolate metabolite, methyl-sulfinyldecyl isothiocyanate, as the main xeniobiotic, causing increased hepatic metabolism and increased liver weiht     

Pigs fed camelina meal increase hepatic gene expression of cytochrome 8bl,aldehyde dehydrogenase,and thiosulfate transferase

Comelina sotivo is an oil seed crop which can be grown on marginal lands. Camelina seed oil is rich in omega-3 fatty acids （〉35%） and y-tocopherol but is also high in erucic acid and glucosinolates. Camelina meal, is the by-product after the oil has been extracted. Camelina meal was fed to 28 d old weaned pigs at 3.7% and 7.4% unt age 56 d. The camelina meal supplements in the soy based diets, improved feed efficiency but also significantly increased the liver weights. Gene expression analyses of the livers, using intra-species microarrays, identified increased expression of phase 1 and phase 2 drug metabolism enzymes. The porcine versions of the enzymes were confirmed by real time PCR. Cytochrome 8b1 （CYPSB1）, aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 （Aldh2）, and thiosulfate transferase （TST） were all significantly stimulated. Collectively, these genes implicate the camelina glucosinolate metabolite, methyl-sulfinyldecyl isothiocyanate, as the main xeniobiotic, causing increased hepatic metabolism and increased liver weight.     

Comparative study on antioxidant activity of lycopene (Z)-isomers in different assays

Several studies have implicated the potent antioxidant properties of lycopene. However, most of the studies used only the (all-E)-isomer. (Z)-Isomers of lycopene were found in substantial amounts in processed foods and in human tissues. In the present study, we investigated in vitro the antioxidant activity of (5Z)-, (9Z)-, and (13Z)-lycopene compared to the (all-E)-isomer. Additionally, prolycopene, the (7Z,9Z,7'Z,9'Z)-isomer found in tangerine tomatoes, was analyzed. No significant differences were found between the isomers in ferric reducing antioxidant power assay and in bleaching the radical cation of 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), both based on ET mechanisms. In contrast, scavenging activity against peroxyl radicals generated by thermal degradation of 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) (AAPH) was higher in the (Z)-isomers. (5Z)-Lycopene was most antioxidant in scavenging lipid peroxyl radicals, evaluated by analyzing the inhibition of MbFe(III) lipid peroxidation of linoleic acid in mildly acidic conditions (pH 5.8) in a micellar environment, modeling a possible antioxidant action in the gastric compartment.