植物生长调节剂对黑麦草生长特性的影响

探讨了3种植物生长调节剂烯效唑、缩节胺和防落素对黑麦草生长特性的影响。结果表明:单独喷施烯效唑(50mg/L)和缩节胺(300mg/L)均能显著延缓黑麦草生长,矮化其株高,增加根冠比,提高叶绿素含量,其中50mg/L烯效唑的处理效果比较显著;烯效唑、缩节胺和不同浓度的防落素(50mg/L和100mg/L)混合喷施,只有烯效唑的复合使用能显著提高叶绿素含量,对改善黑麦草坪用性状的作用较好。     

不同旱稻品种灌浆期抗旱生理适应性的研究

选择抗旱性不同的4个旱稻品种,对其灌浆期旗叶抗旱性生理指标进行测定。结果表明:超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及游离脯氨酸含量均为抗旱性较强品种(旱稻15号,旱稻2号)极显著地高于抗旱性较弱品种(旱稻1号,旱稻3号);丙二醛(MDA)含量和细胞膜相对透性大小表现为抗旱性较强品种(旱稻15号,旱稻2号)极显著地低于抗旱性较弱品种(旱稻1号,旱稻3号)。SOD、POD、CAT活性和丙二醛含量、游离脯氨酸含量、细胞膜相对透性可用来说明旱稻品种之间的抗旱生理适应性的差异。     

Greenhouse biofumigation with <Emphasis Type="Italic">Melia azedarach</Emphasis> controls <Emphasis Type="Italic">Meloidogyne</Emphasis> spp. and enhances soil biological activity

The need for environmentally friendly agricultural practices has led to the development of plant-based nematicides for root-knot nematode control. The efficacy of these botanicals has been tested primarily under laboratory and rarely under actual field conditions. Moreover, any side effects on non-target soil organisms that support soil biological activity are usually ignored. Herein, we evaluate the efficacy of Melia azedarach preparations against Meloidogyne spp. in a tomato greenhouse, by root gall examination and soil J2 enumeration. We also assessed side effects on soil microbes through PLFA analysis and microbivorous nematodes, and we quantified several plant growth parameters (e.g., fruit number and weight, root weight). Different treatments within the greenhouse included M. azedarach ripe fruit powder (MFP), ripe fruit water extract (MWE) and furfural, one of the principal active ingredients of M. azedarach and previously known to exhibit fumigant nematicidal activity. Results were compared to those obtained with the commercial nematicide oxamyl (Vydate^® 10 SL) and an untreated control. All treatments were repeated every 20 days throughout the cultivation period. MFP and MWE suppressed Meloidogyne spp. often at the same levels obtained by furfural and oxamyl treatments and enhanced soil biological activity, as indicated by the proliferation of soil microbes and microbial feeding nematodes. Furfural and oxamyl adversely affected the soil community, especially the free-living nematodes. Moreover, furfural was phytotoxic to tomato plants in spite of its natural origin.     

海南鹦哥岭的种子植物资源

通过对保存了我国华南面积最大、最原始的热带雨林的海南鹦哥岭4个多月的野外调查,统计该地区有野生种子植物173科825属1706种.根据资源植物的主要用途和生态习性等特点将其归为12类:材用植物、药用植物、油脂植物、芳香植物、蜜源植物、纤维植物、食用植物、观赏植物、饲料植物、绿肥植物、淀粉植物和杀虫植物,介绍了资源现状,并提出保护建议.     

PIN1 auxin efflux carrier absence in Meloidogyne incognita-induced root-knots of tomato plants

The nematode species Meloidogyne incognita infects a large variety of cultivated crops and is one of nature’s most notorious pests. One cultivated plant which is prone to M. incognita infestation is the tomato. Knowing that in A. thaliana the PIN auxin efflux transporters distribution is being altered upon early invasion by M. incognita, the PIN1 allocation patterns in the giant cells of tomato plants after 15 and 25 days of infection were investigated. PIN1 was absent from the giant cells’ membrane in both assessment timings examined, indicating the maintenance of a local auxin maxima, which was also supported by IAA immunodetection. PIN1 distribution pattern could be attributed on either the nematodes nutritional needs throughout its life cycle or due to the tomato plants differential responses upon M. incognita infection.

     

Effects of an autumn defoliation on overwintering, spring growth and yield of a white clover/grass sward

An established sward of binary mixtures of meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis) and white clover (Trifolium repens) (either AberHerald, Grasslands Huia or Sandra) was subjected to (A) no further defoliation, (B) a defoliation in late September or (C) a defoliation in late October after four harvests had been taken during the grazing season. About a tonne of dry matter (DM) was removed by the autumn defoliations. There were two levels of nitrogen application in spring, either 0 or 90 kg ha^?1. The development of grass and clover morphology and population sizes from early autumn until the first harvest the following year was followed by regular sampling of the above-ground material. Stolons were analysed for total non-structural carbohydrates (TNCs), and the temperature at stolon level was continuously recorded. There were no interactions between autumn defoliation, clover cultivar or nitrogen treatments on any of the parameters studied. White clover growing-point numbers and stolon morphological characteristics were reduced in size during the winter and did not recover during the spring. A defoliation in late September resulted in the greatest reduction, whereas there were no differences between the other two treatments. The grass tiller population increased from early autumn until the last sampling occasion in May, but both autumn defoliations resulted in a smaller increase. Defoliation in late September had the greatest impact. The TNC content of white clover stolons fell from about 350 g kg^?1 to 150 g kg^?1 DM from late autumn until late April. There were small differences between the treatments, but a defoliation in late September resulted in a significantly lower level in late autumn. The temperature amplitude at stolon level was consistently greater in plots defoliated in late September. Total DM harvested in spring was 4367, 2564 and 3536 kg ha^?1, of which 388, 352 and 460 kg ha^?1 was white clover, from treatments A, B and C respectively. It is concluded that an autumn defoliation may affect the overwintering of white clover negatively, but that the effect on the grass may be even more detrimental.     

玉米蛋白粉替代鱼粉对异育银鲫生长、蛋白酶活性及表观消化率的影响

分别用4%、8%、12%和16%玉米蛋白粉替代异育银鲫饲料中25%、50%、75%和100%鱼粉配制4种等氮、等能的试验饲料,以不替代鱼粉的饲料为对照,试验饲料与对照饲料等氮、等能,在室内循环水养殖系统饲养异育银鲫(初始体重1.32±0.16 g)71 d,旨在研究玉米蛋白粉替代鱼粉对异育银鲫生长、蛋白酶活性以及表观消化率的影响.结果表明,玉米蛋白替代鱼粉对异育银鲫的存活率、肥满度无显著性影响(P>0.05).4%、8%及12%玉米蛋白粉组的相对增重率、相对增长率、饲料系数、蛋白质效率、肠道和肝胰脏蛋白酶活性、干物质和蛋白质表现消化率与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05),玉米蛋白粉完全替代鱼粉组的生长性能、饲料利用、蛋白酶活性和表观消化率均显著低于对照组(P<0.05).因此,本实验条件下,玉米蛋白粉可以替代75%鱼粉.     

聚乙二醇诱导水分胁迫引起水稻光合下降的原因探讨

在水稻品种Azucena(粳稻)6叶期用不同浓度的聚乙二醇(PEG 6000)模拟干旱处理,结果表明,随着PEG处理浓度提高,净光合速率（Pn）呈下降趋势, 但各阶段起主导作用的因素不同。第一阶段, 在10%PEG处理下Pn显著下降,色素和叶绿素荧光保持不变,气孔导度(Gs)和胞间CO2浓度(Ci)反而上升,表明为非气孔因子限制光合速率;第二阶段,在15%PEG处理下色素和叶绿素荧光虽开始变化,Pn继续降低, 并伴随Gs和Ci的下降而下降,因此气孔导度成为光合速率的主要限制因子;第三阶段,在20%PEG处理下Pn继续降低,Gs虽下降,但Ci并没有进一步下降,而色素和荧光参数均进一步下降,此时光合膜的损伤成为限制光合的主导因子。上述结果表明,严重水分胁迫虽使光合机构吸收和传递光能效率下降,但过剩的激发能仍可能导致活性氧积累;尽管水稻叶内启动了超氧化物防御系统,但仍能导致光合器官受损及PSⅡ光化学活性降低。     

Vascular leakage induced by histamine, bradykinin, serotonin and prostaglandin E2 in Greyhounds

SUMMARY Vascular leakage induced by intradermal injection of histamine, bradykinin and serotonin alone and co-injected with prostaglandin E₂ was measured in Greyhounds using ¹²⁵Iodine-labelled human serum albumin (¹²⁵I-HSA) as a marker in the blood. Histamine and bradykinin produced dose-dependent vascular leakage. At equimolar concentrations, histamine was more than twice as potent as bradykinin. Serotonin did not induce vascular leakage and was irritant. Prostaglandin E₂ did not induce significant vascular leakage (maximum 5μL) when injected alone, but when co-injected with histamine and bradykinin, the vascular leakage of both histamine and bradykinin was increased. This effect was more pronounced if lower concentrations of histamine and bradykinin were injected. The induced vascular leakage was greatest during the first five minutes of lesion development for histamine, during the second five minutes of lesion development for bradykinin, and the synergistic effect of prostaglandin E₂ was maximal during the third five minute period of lesion development.