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951.
Elisabete Yurie Sataque Ono Elaine Cunha Moreno Mario Augusto Ono Carolina Nachi Rossi Gervásio Hitoshi Saito Édio Vizoni Yoshitsugu Sugiura Elisa Yoko Hirooka 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2011,131(4):653-660
In this study the effect of different cropping systems and crop successions was evaluated on natural Fusarium sp. contamination and fumonisin levels in corn. The cropping systems consisted of a conventional and no-tillage area cultivated
with corn in the summer following either oats or fallow in the winter (2006 and 2007 growing seasons). In addition, the effect
of applying nitrogen fertilizer (0, 22.5, 45.0, 90.0 and 90.0 kg ha−1 nitrogen supplemented with potassium oxide) on fumonisin contamination was evaluated in the 2006 growing season. Fusarium sp. was detected in 90% samples in 2006 and in 100% samples in 2007. In both growing seasons, no-till corn following oats
showed the highest mean fumonisin levels and differed significantly (P < 0.05) from all the others (2006) and from conventional till corn following either oats or fallow in the winter (2007).
Fumonisin levels ranged from 0.13 to 19.52 μg g−1 (mean 6.97 μg g−1) and from 3.70 to 7.75 μg g−1 (mean 6.29 μg g−1) in no-till corn following oats from the 2006 and 2007 growing seasons, respectively. Plots treated with 0 kg ha−1 and 22.5 kg ha−1 nitrogen showed the highest mean fumonisin levels and differed significantly from those with 45.0 and 90 kg ha−1 nitrogen. Fumonisin levels correlated negatively (P < 0.05) with the nitrogen fertilization rates. Although no-till is advantageous from a soil conservation standpoint, it may
enhance the potential for fumonisin contamination in corn. 相似文献
952.
Caroline Djian-Caporalino Sergio Molinari Alain Palloix Aurelio Ciancio Ariane Fazari Nathalie Marteu Nicolas Ris Philippe Castagnone-Sereno 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2011,131(3):431-440
The emergence of virulent root-knot nematode populations, able to overcome the resistance conferred by some of the resistance
genes (R-genes) in Solanaceous crops, i.e., Mi(s) in tomato, Me(s) in pepper, may constitute a severe limitation to their use in the field. Research has been conducted to evaluate the durability
of these R-genes, by comparing the reproduction of several laboratory-selected and wild virulent Meloidogyne incognita isolates, on both susceptible and resistant tomatoes and peppers. We first show that the Me1 R-gene in pepper behaves as a robust R-gene controlling avirulent and virulent Me3, Me7 or Mi-1 isolates. Although the reproductive potential of the virulent isolates was highly variable on susceptible and resistant plants,
we also confirm that virulence is highly specific to a determined R-gene on which selection has occurred. Another significant
experimental result is the observation that a reproductive fitness cost is associated with nematode virulence against Mi-1 in tomato and Me3 and Me7 in pepper. The adaptative significance of trade-offs between selected characters and fitness-related traits, suggests that,
although the resistance can be broken, it may be preserved in some conditions if the virulent nematodes are counter-selected
in susceptible plants. All these results have important consequences for the management of plant resistance in the field. 相似文献
953.
Cherimoya (Anonna cherimola Mill.) is a fruit tree which originated in Peru and Ecuador and is now cultivated in several subtropical areas of the world. The characterization of cherimoya cultivars at allozyme level has been previously reported, but the geographic distribution and organization of this variation have not been fully characterized. In this study, we assessed the relationships among 206 cherimoya and four atemoya (A. cherimola ×A. squamosa) cultivars based on allozyme polymorphism. We have confirmed the genetic differences between atemoya and cherimoya cultivars, and showed that cherimoya accessions from Madeira, Bolivia and Spain form homogeneous groups of cultivars. Accessions from Chile and California form heterogeneous groups, probably due to their mixed origins. Cultivars from Peru and Ecuador showed a wide range of allelic variation, as is expected for accessions from the center of origin of this species. 相似文献
954.
Evaluation of perennial wild <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cicer</Emphasis> species for drought resistance
About 90% of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in the world is grown under rainfed conditions where drought is one of the major constraints limiting its productivity.
Unlike the cultivated chickpea, wild Cicer species possesses sources of resistance to multiple stresses; we therefore evaluated perennial wild Cicer species for resistance to drought. C. anatolicum, C. microphyllum, C. montbretii, C. oxydon and C. songaricum were compared with special checks; C. echinospermum, C. pinnatifidum and C. reticulatum and five cultivated chickpeas. After the cultivated chickpeas were killed, accessions were evaluated using a 1–5 scale, where
1 = highly drought resistant (no visible drought effect and full recovery after three successive wiltings) and 5 = highly
drought susceptible (leaves and branches dried out, no recovery at all). All accessions of perennial wild Cicer species were significantly superior to those annual wild species and the cultivated chickpeas including the best drought
tolerant chickpea, ICC 4958 under drought conditions. Perennial wild Cicer species did not only recover after wilting and drying out above ground level, they also tolerated high temperatures up to
41.8°C. But, they do not cross with the cultivated chickpeas. C. anatolicum should be taken account in long term breeding programs because it has closer affinities to the first crossability group than
the others. 相似文献
955.
The study here was conducted on nearly 12,000 apricot seedlings in the Malatya Region in the Eastern part of Turkey. This
region is famous for its horticulture based mainly on apricot production and the Country's highest apricot production originates
from this region. The flower and fruit characteristics of all populations, which include apricot seedlings, in the region
were evaluated. Based on their horticultural performances, 13 genotypes were selected, of which seven were considered as apricots
served in dried form and six as in table consumption form. Among the selected genotypes, the fruit weight ranged between 28.5
and 71.19 g, soluble solids ranged between 12.7 and 26.5%, while the range in total acidity was between 0.35 and 1.80% and
fruit development period was between 87 and 183 days. To determine the selected genotypes performance in a similar environment,
they were grafted on to 4-year-old rootstocks. The results from these combinations showed that there was some decrease, especially
in fruit size and soluble solids, in the genotypes performance when compared to the results of the initial observations. Some
differences were also detected in taste, fruit shape, pit shape, fruit flesh firmness, skin and flesh colors. The dry fruit
yield was determined as 22.50–28.36% for the selected dry apricot genotypes. The dry fruit yield of all seven genotypes considered
for dry consumption were similar to ‘Hacıhaliloğlu’ and higher than ‘Canino’, which were evaluated as control cultivars. 相似文献
956.
Genetic diversity was investigated in 73 accessions of emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccon Schrank) from 11 geographical regions using a set of 29 simple-sequence repeat (SSR or microsatellite) markers, representing
at least two markers for each chromosome. The SSR primers amplified a total of 357 different alleles with an average of 12.31
alleles per locus. The number of fragments detected by each primer ranged between 6 (Xgwm1066) and 21 (Xgwm268). Null alleles were detected in nine of the 29 primers used. A high level of gene diversity index was observed. Across the
29 primers, gene diversity ranged from 0.60 (Xgwm46) to 0.94 (Xgwm655), with a mean of 0.82. There was a highly significant correlation (r=0.882; p<0.01) between gene diversity index and the number of loci, showing the number of loci per se is a strong indicator of diversity. Analysis of genetic diversity within and among eleven geographical regions revealed most
of the genetic diversity of the total sample resided within regions. The coefficient of gene differentiation (Gst = 0.27)
showed that the genetic variation within and among the 11 geographical regions was 73 and 27%, respectively. High value of
mean number of alleles per locus was found in Iran (4.86) followed by Morocco (4.10) and Armenia (4.03). On the contrary,
lower mean number of alleles per locus was detected in Yemen (2.83). The average gene diversity index across regions ranged
from 0.52 (Slovakia) to 0.67 (Morocco) with an average of 0.60. Multivariate techniques of principal component analysis and
clustering were employed to examine genetic relationship among the 73 emmer wheat accessions vis-à-vis geographical regions
of collections. The genetic distance coefficients for all possible 55 pairs of regional comparisons ranged from 0.63 (between
Iran and Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan, Georgia and Slovakia) to 0.97 (between Morocco and Yemen, Spain and Georgia, and
Turkey and Iran) with a mean of 0.82. From the PCA results, a two dimensional plot of PC1 versus PC2 was constructed. The
scatter plot of the first two principal components which explained altogether 27% of the total variation depicted the presence
of a clear pattern of geographical differentiation except in few cases like accessions from Caucasian region. Similar pattern
of genetic relationships among accessions was observed in cluster analysis. The study provided genetic information of emmer
wheat in relation to geographical regions of origin. The information could be utilized in crop improvement, germplasm conservation
programs, and in further investigation. 相似文献
957.
Slobodan Miko Georg Koch Saša Mesić Martina Šparica Miko Marko Šparica Polona Vreča Tadej Dolenec 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2007,7(5):303-312
Background, Aim and Scope
Most of the cathment areas supplying water and mineral matter to the Adriatic bays with healing mud/peloids are affected by various degrees of human impact, i.e. activity that is introducing various types of contaminants to environment. The bays represent shallow marine depositional environments where organic-rich sediments accumulate. Investigations for balneological characterization of several localities along the Croatian coast have shown that these organic-rich sediments may be classified as healing mud, i.e. peloids. Healing mud due to its balneologic features is in treatment of various diseases and in improvement of the overall health conditions and general well-being. Various components of mud, particularly trace elements, could be absorbed through dermal contact. Therefore, the study of the abundance of such potentially toxic elements as As, Pb, Hg, Cd, Se, Sb, Cu, Zn in marine sediments used as healing mud is necessary in order to know their mobility and to avoid possible intoxications. 相似文献958.
Jelena Petrović Snežana Dragović Ranko Dragović Milan Đorđević Mrđan Đokić Mirjana Ćujić 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2016,16(4):1168-1175
Purpose
The area of southeastern Serbia, the P?inja and South Morava River Basins, is under the influence of very strong erosion, and the aim of this study was to investigate the vertical and spatial distribution of the 137Cs in the eroded soils of this area.Materials and methods
Vertical soil profiles were collected with 5-cm increments from the uppermost layer down to 20, 25, 30, 40, and 50 cm of depth, depending on the thickness of the soil layers, i.e., down to the underlying parent rocks. Measurements of 137Cs activity concentration were performed by using the HPGe gamma-ray spectrometer ORTEC-AMETEK (34 % relative efficiency and high resolution 1.65 keV at 1.33 MeV for 60Co), from its gamma-ray line at 661.2 keV.Results and discussion
The mean 137Cs activity concentration across all 18 soil profiles (for all soil layers) was found to be 20 Bq kg?1. In the greatest number of soil profiles, the 137Cs activity concentration was generally highest in the first soil layer (0–5 cm) and decreased with soil depth, while in a few soil profiles, the peak of either the 137Cs activity concentration occurred in the second soil layer (5–10 cm) or the 137Cs activity concentration was almost equal throughout the entire soil profile. The mean 137Cs activity concentration in the first soil layer (0–5 cm) was found to be 61 Bq kg?1, and the high coefficient of variation of 92 % pointed out high spatial variability and large range of the 137Cs activity concentrations in the study area.Conclusions
The obtained results indicate that in the greatest number of soil profiles, 137Cs is present in the upper layers, with concentration decreasing with depth, as is typical in uncultivated soil. Its spatial distribution was very uneven among the surface soil layers of the investigated sites. One of the main reasons for such pattern of 137Cs in the study area may be soil erosion. Additional investigations which would support this hypothesis are required.959.
Purpose
Crop growth on sandy soils can be increased by claying. In modified sandy soils, the added clay is in the form of peds ranging in size from millimetres to centimetres creating a highly non-uniform matrix where ped size could influence nutrient availability and organic C binding. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of clay addition rate and ped size in residue amended sandy soil on soil respiration, nutrient availability and organic C retention.Materials and methods
In this study, clay peds of 1, 2 or 3 mm size derived from a clay-rich Vertosol (73 % clay) were added to a sandy soil (3 % clay) at clay addition rates of 10 and 20 % w/w. After the addition of ground faba bean residue (C/N 37) at 10 g kg?1, the soils were incubated for 45 days at 80 % of water-holding capacity.Results and discussion
Clay addition had no consistent effect on cumulative respiration, but reduced NH4 + availability with a greater reduction at 20 % compared to 10 % clay and with 1 and 2 mm compared to 3 mm peds. Sandy soil with clay peds had a greater maximum NH4 + and P sorption capacity than sandy soil alone, and sorption capacity was higher at 20 % compared to 10 % clay addition and greater with 1 mm compared to 3 mm peds. Retrieval of clay peds at the end of the experiment showed ped breakdown during the experiment but also the formation of larger peds. Compared to the <53 μm fraction added at the start of the experiment, the total organic carbon (TOC) content of the <53 μm fraction was increased up to nearly two fold, particularly in the smaller peds (1 and 2 mm).Conclusions
When sandy soils are amended with clay, N availability and organic C binding depend on both clay addition rate and ped size.960.
Yongjie Wang Zhongbo Wei Qilong Zeng Huan Zhong 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2016,16(12):2720-2727