东北地区垄作免耕覆盖模式对土壤理化特性的影响(英文)

为了实现东北垄作区的保护性耕作,针对目前生产上常规垄作与免耕覆盖垄作的保护性耕作模式,就2种不同模式对土壤理化特性的影响,深入东北三省保护性耕作示范区,进行田间实际试验和取样分析。对比结果说明免耕覆盖垄作模式较好地满足了玉米种子发芽的种床环境要求:在5~10 cm耕层温度超过10~12℃;土壤含水量达到13%以上;土壤紧实度上层疏松,下层紧实。并且与常规耕作比较提高了土壤有机质含量(1.43 g/kg)与N、P、K含量(22.32 mg/kg,2.05 mg/kg,3.11 mg/kg)。但是发现由于垄高(9.43~11.5 cm)低于常规垄作(13~18 cm)达到3.57~6.5 cm,而不利于垄作优势的发挥,建议加大东北玉米垄作免耕播种机的创新设计,以解决整机超重,压平垄台,压实垄沟的问题。研究结果可为东北寒地干旱区保护性耕作技术模式的推广应用提供理论依据。     

低温胁迫响应的甜杨miR475靶基因的预测及表达

MicroRNAs（miRNAs）通过使靶mRNA降解或翻译参与生物体的转录后调控,并在植物对生物与非生物胁迫的应答过程中发挥重要作用。本研究基于相关数据库,利用生物信息学方法,通过搜索预测及实验验证得到甜杨（Populus suaveolens）低温响应miR475的12条潜在靶基因,并对其降解位点进行分析;同时,以低温（0℃）处理不同时间甜杨幼苗为试材,利用荧光定量PCR对miR475及其靶基因的表达谱进行检测分析,结果发现,随着低温诱导时间的延长,miR475表达量呈下调趋势,而其靶mRNA的表达量则呈现相反趋势,表明甜杨miR475可能以降解靶mRNA的方式在抵御低温中发挥作用。本文研究结果可为甜杨抗冻机制的后续深入研究提供科学依据。     

WIND TUNNEL SIMULATION OF WINDBLOWN SAND ALONG CHINA'S QINGHAI–TIBET RAILWAY

The Qinghai–Tibet Railway is frequently damaged by windblown sand, and this hinders railway operation. To better understand the characteristics of windblown sand near the railway, wind tunnel experiments were conducted for the Tuotuo River Section, a typical stretch suffering from windblown sand damage. According to climate data, the windy period combines with an arid seasonal climate to increase the risk of blowing sand in this area. Wind tunnel simulation results showed how the airflow interacted with the railway embankment to create sand deposition as well as aeolian erosion. Sand transport rates behind the railbed fitted a Gaussian function well. The results can be used to guide the design of sand‐control structures both in the study area and in other areas that experience threats from windblown sand. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

鲁北地区棉花与赤松茸大田轮作栽培技术

近年来,鲁北地区棉花生产呈现结构性萎缩态势。为充分利用棉花秸秆和冬闲棉田,提高植棉效益,初步探索了鲁北棉花与赤松茸大田轮作技术。从播种、田间管理、病虫害防治和采收等方面对其进行介绍,并分析了其发展前景,以期为该技术在鲁北地区的推广应用提供参考。     

醋酸改性电石渣催化酯交换特性研究

以醋酸为改性介质,从醇油摩尔比、催化剂质量分数、酯交换温度及时间等因素出发,并辅以热重分析仪、X射线衍射仪、N2吸附仪和哈米特指示剂等催化剂表征手段,通过酯交换实验系统研究改性电石渣催化酯交换的特性。酯交换原料油(花生油)脂肪酸中的碳原子长度主要为16~18碳;醋酸改性后,电石渣主要成分为(CH3COO)2Ca·0.5H2O,经800℃煅烧活化处理后转变为CaO,比表面积为19.07 m2/g、比孔容积为0.081 4 cm3/g,且能够表现出比未改性电石渣煅烧产物更强的催化酯交换性能。在醇油摩尔比15、催化剂质量分数4%、酯交换温度59℃、酯交换时间2 h的工况下,醋酸改性电石渣催化酯交换能取得甘油收率为96.79%,且重复使用5次时,甘油收率仍能达到92.90%。     

新形势下柑桔黄龙病防控工作思路和方法探析

近年来,柑桔黄龙病在多省份区域均有发生,甚至在部分柑桔生产区域造成了毁灭性的危害.新形势下,研究探讨适应地方工作实际情况的柑桔黄龙病防控工作思路和办法刻不容缓.本文以梧州市柑桔黄龙病防控工作为样本,坚持“以防为主,防治结合,群防群治”的原则,通过深入实践、调查了解,探讨总结了新形势下柑桔黄龙病防控综合治理的工作思路及方法,以期为当前柑桔产业的安全、健康和持续发展提供积极的参考和借鉴.     

油茶SRAP-PCR反应体系的建立和优化

为了建立油茶SRAP-PCR扩增体系,本研究使用单因素试验设计,对反应体系的Taq酶、Mg2＋、模板DNA、dNTP和引物浓度5个主要影响因子各设10个不同的水平梯度,筛选出适宜的因子范围;在此基础上,进一步采用L16（45）正交设计,对影响油茶SRAP-PCR反应体系的5个因素在4水平上进行优化,建立了油茶SRAP-PCR最佳反应体系,即25μL体积中包含模板DNA30ng,Mg2＋2.8mmol/L,引物0.44μmol/L,dNTP0.2mmol/L和Taq酶1.0U。该SRAP-PCR体系的建立为油茶种质资源遗传多样性分析、品种鉴定及指纹图谱构建等研究提供了一个标准化的程序。     

Concentration Distribution and Bioaccessibility of Trace Elements in Nano and Fine Urban Airborne Particulate Matter: Influence of Particle Size

Trace elements, especially those associated with fine particles in airborne particulate matter (PM), may play an important role in PM adverse health effect. The aim of this paper is to characterize elements in a wide particle size range from nano (57–100 nm) to fine (100–1,000 nm) and to coarse (1,000–10,000 nm) fractions of two urban PM samples collected in Ottawa. Size-selective particle sampling was performed using a micro-orifice uniform deposit impactor, and element concentrations were determined in each different size fraction by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy. A general trend of increasing element concentration with decreasing aerodynamic diameter was observed for elements V, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se, and Cd, indicating they were predominately concentrated in the nanoparticle size range. Other elements including Fe, Sr, Mo, Sn, Sb, Ba, and Pb were predominately concentrated in the fine-size range. Increased concentration of elements in the nano and fine particle size range is significant due to their ability to penetrate into the deepest alveolar area of the lungs. This was confirmed by the calculation of median concentration diameters, which were less than 800 nm for most of the investigated elements. Particle size distribution and element correlation analysis suggest that the elements concentrated in the nano- and fine-size fractions originated mainly from vehicular combustion and emission. Long-range airborne transport and soil or road dust resuspension may also contribute. Particle size had an important effect on element bioaccessibility for the studied urban PM samples showing a general trend of increasing element bioaccessibility with decreasing particle size. These results emphasize the importance of acquiring information on nano and/or fine PM-bound elements and their bioaccessibilities for accurate element and PM exposure assessment.     

Effects of Enhanced UV-B Radiation on N2O Emission in a Soil-Winter Wheat System

An outdoor pot experiments was conducted to investigate the effects of enhanced ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation on nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from soil-winter wheat systems. The enhanced UV-B radiation treatments were simulated by 20% increase in its intensity. N₂O fluxes were measured with a static opaque chamber-gas chromatograph method. The results showed that enhanced UV-B radiation did not change the seasonal patterns of N₂O emissions. Compared to the controls, the enhanced UV-B radiation reduced N₂O fluxes by 16.4% (p?=?0.015) during the elongation-booting stage, while it had no significant effects on N₂O fluxes in the turning-green and heading-maturity phases. During the turning green-overall heading span, the accumulative N₂O was largely decreased by the enhanced UV-B radiation (p?<?0.05). From the overall heading to maturity, however, the effects of enhanced UV-B on N₂O emissions were not pronounced (p?>?0.10). At the elongation-booting stage, enhanced UV-B increased soluble proteins content in leaves, NO ₃ ^- -N and NO ₄ ⁺ -N content in rhizosphere soil, and soil microbial biomass C (C _mic) and N (N _mic; p?<?0.05), as well as microbial biomass C:N ratio changing from 5.0 to 6.8. Our findings suggest that the effects of enhanced UV-B radiation on N₂O emissions differed with winter wheat developmental stages. To assess the overall effects of enhanced UV-B radiation on N₂O emissions from agroecosystems, nevertheless, more field measurements deserve to be carried out in various cropping systems.     

基于电子鼻的鱼粉中挥发性盐基氮检测模型比较

挥发性盐基氮（TVB-N）是表征鱼粉新鲜度的主要指标之一,为了探讨基于电子鼻系统检测鱼粉新鲜度的可行性,研制了检测鱼粉中TVB-N质量分数的电子鼻测量系统。该系统主要由氧化锡气敏传感器阵列、便携式数据采集设备和基于LabVIEW的采集程序组成。利用该系统对不同TVB-N质量分数的鱼粉样本进行气味信号采集,同时对鱼粉样本中的TVB-N的质量分数采用半微量凯式定氮法进行检测,利用2σ准则对传感器响应值进行数据剔除处理,建立了鱼粉中TVB-N质量分数的主成分分析（PCA）、多元线性回归（MLR）、BP神经网络模型,并用预测样本对模型进行验证。试验结果为：3种模型TVB-N质量分数预测值与实测值之间的决定系数R2、预测标准误差SEP、最大相对误差RE-max及平均相对误差RE-mean分别为0.48、10.25、13.62%、6.06%;0.59、9.14、13.91%、5.57%;0.94、3.64、6.30%、1.88%。BP神经网络效果最好,多元线性回归次之,主成分分析最差。研究结果表明,利用电子鼻技术可以有效对鱼粉中TVB-N质量分数进行检测。