旱地高产小麦品种籽粒锌含量差异与氮磷钾吸收利用的关系

【目的】明确旱地条件下高产小麦品种籽粒锌含量差异与氮磷钾吸收利用的关系,为品种选育和科学施肥提供依据。【方法】于2013—2016年连续三年在黄土高原旱地进行田间试验,试验采用裂区设计,主处理为不施肥(CK)和施肥(NP),副处理为来自我国主要麦区的123个品种。施肥处理为N 150 kg/hm^2 (尿素,含N46%)、P_2O_5 100 kg/hm^2 (过磷酸钙,含P_2O_5 16%)。成熟期在每个品种中间2行随机抽取30穗小麦,连根拔起后,从根茎结合处剪断弃去根系,分为茎、叶、颖壳(含穗轴)和籽粒,称风干重。分析了样品中氮、磷、钾、锌含量,计算了养分的吸收量及转移量。【结果】施肥条件下高产小麦品种籽粒锌含量存在显著差异,高锌品种比低锌品种显著高54%。高锌品种的籽粒氮、磷含量分别比低锌品种显著高9%、7%,钾含量无显著差异,施肥使两组品种的氮含量显著提高,磷钾含量降低。高产高锌品种具有更高的籽粒和地上部氮、磷吸收能力,钾吸收能力与低锌品种相比无显著差异,施肥可使高锌品种的氮磷钾吸收量增幅高于低锌品种;两组品种间的氮、磷转移能力无显著差异,而高锌品种的钾转移能力较低,且两组品种的氮磷钾转移能力因施肥降低幅度一致。【结论】旱地条件下土壤养分供应充足时,高产高锌小麦品种的氮磷吸收能力强,钾转移能力弱,籽粒氮磷含量高,与低锌品种相比钾含量无显著差异。通过品种选育可同时提高旱地高产小麦籽粒锌和蛋白质含量,并提高磷含量。考虑到磷含量高时会降低籽粒锌的生物有效性,生产中通过施肥措施,适当调控磷肥,增加氮肥,在提高小麦籽粒氮锌含量的同时提高籽粒锌的生物有效性。     

Effects of part and whole straw returning on soil carbon sequestration in C3–C4 rotation cropland

Long‐term no‐tillage management and crop residue amendments to soil were identified as an effective measure to increase soil organic carbon (SOC). The SOC content, SOC stock (SOCs), soil carbon sequestration rate (CSR), and carbon pool management index (CPMI) were measured. A stable isotopic approach was used to evaluate the contributions of wheat and maize residues to SOC at a long‐term experimental site. We hypothesized that under no‐tillage conditions, straw retention quantity would affect soil carbon sequestration differently in surface and deep soil, and the contribution of C3 and C4 crops to soil carbon sequestration would be different. This study involved four maize straw returning treatments, which included no maize straw returning (NT‐0), 0.5 m (from the soil surface) maize straw returning (NT‐0.5), 1 m maize straw returning (NT‐1), and whole maize straw returning (NT‐W). The results showed that in the 0–20 cm soil layer, the SOC content, SOCs, CSR and CPMI of the NT‐W were highest after 14 years of no‐tillage management, and there were obvious differences among the four treatments. However, the SOC, SOCs, and CSR of the NT‐0.5 and NT‐W were the highest and lowest in 20–100 cm, respectively. The value of δ¹³C showed an obviously vertical variability that ranged from –22.01‰ (NT‐1) in the 0–20 cm layer to –18.27‰ (NT‐0.5) in the 60–80 cm layer, with enriched δ¹³C in the 60–80 cm (NT‐0.5 and NT‐1) and 80–100 cm (NT‐0 and NT‐W) layers. The contributions of the wheat and maize‐derived SOC of the NT‐0.5, NT‐1 and NT‐W increased by 11.4, 29.5 and 56.3% and by 10.7, 15.1 and 40.1%, relative to those in the NT‐0 treatment in the 0–20 cm soil layer, respectively. In conclusion, there was no apparent difference in total SOC sequestration between the NT‐0.5, NT‐1, and NT‐W treatments in the 0–100 cm soil layer. The contribution of wheat‐derived SOC was higher than that of maize‐derived SOC.     

基于APSIM模型评估北方八省春玉米生产对气候变化的响应

基于北方地区农业气象试验站春玉米多年田间试验数据和逐日气象数据,分析农业生产系统模型APSIM在北方八省春玉米产区的适用性,在区域尺度上识别春玉米发育期和产量的关键气象响应因子,模拟过去54a（1961?2014年）该地区春玉米的生长发育和产量形成过程,探讨春玉米发育期和产量对气候变化的响应规律。结果表明：验证后的APSIM玉米模型在北方八省春玉米产区具有较好的适用性。气温和土壤温度是北方各地春玉米发育期的首要关键气象响应因子,其中北方春播区春玉米各关键发育期对最高气温响应最明显,西北内陆区春玉米各关键发育期对最低气温响应最明显。平均气温、日最高气温、日最低气温和土壤温度的升高均会导致春玉米生育期（出苗、开花和成熟）日序提前,发育天数减少,春玉米提前成熟。北方春播区春玉米产量对温度、降水、日照时数响应明显,西北内陆区春玉米产量对温度和潜在蒸散响应明显,大部分地区温度的升高和潜在蒸散的增加会引起玉米产量的显著下降。     

淮南煤矿复垦区土壤腐殖质特征及其与重金属的关系

选择淮南典型煤矿复垦区不同土地利用方式下（菜地、玉米—小麦地、林地和荒地）的土壤作为研究对象,运用单因素方差分析和内梅罗综合污染指数调查了其腐殖质组成特征与重金属污染状况并探究两者间关系,为修复矿区复垦土壤提供依据。结果表明:土壤腐殖质含量、腐殖化程度和稳定性依菜地 > 玉米—小麦地 > 林地 > 荒地的次序从最佳向最差过渡。不同土地利用方式下土壤胡敏素（HM）的组成不同,HM各组分有机碳含量为HMr > HMi > HMc;且施用有机肥土壤较不施肥土壤中HM各组分的含量明显增加。复垦区土壤中Cu和Cd含量均高于土壤背景值,Zn含量低于土壤背景值,土壤处于轻度污染状态。施用有机肥提高复垦土壤肥力的同时,需控制有机肥中重金属含量,以降低土壤重金属污染风险。     

海河流域水生态环境破坏的经济损失估算

利用多种方法估算海河流域水生态环境破坏造成的经济损失，并综合已有相关研究，认为1999年的经济损失相当于流域GDP的0．63%-16．6％。利用影子价格法估算的经济损失相当于流域GDP的7．3％。海河流域现状水生态环境恶化造成的相对经济损失值处在历史高峰期。未来在实施南水北调工程及按照规划开展大规模节水挖潜举措的前提下，经济损失的相对量将大为减少，但是绝对经济损失量可能还会有所增大。向流域节水挖潜领域的项目投资，会给全社会带来较高的经济收益。     

天敌昆虫—蠋蝽的研究进展

蠋蝽是农林上一种十分重要的天敌昆虫,具有地理分布广、捕食种类多、捕食能力强、适应性好等特点,开发应用前景十分广阔。为了系统总结近年来在蠋蝽研究领域取得的一系列进展,本文从蠋蝽的分类地位、地理分布和形态学、生物学特性、人工繁育技术、控害功能研究等方面进行了综述,分析了蠋蝽研究领域当前存在的问题,并对今后的研究方向和应用前景进行了展望。     

农村电网中有源电力滤波器的研究

随着农村电网中电力电子装置的日益增多,农村电网中的谐波污染问题越来越严重.为此,简要分析了并联型有源电力滤波器的系统结构和工作原理;建立了采用DSP数字控制的适合于三相三线制的并联型有源电力滤波系统, 重点分析了该系统指令电流和PWM信号的产生、硬件结构与软件流程, 并通过实验验证了该系统可以有效地抑制农村电网谐波,改善农村电网电能质量.     

计算机视觉技术在农业领域的应用

綜述了计算机视觉技术在监测农作物生长、诊断农作物营养元素、种质资源研究、预测预报病虫草害、农产品收获和检测等方面的应用;介绍了国外对计算机视觉在农业领域中应用的研究动态;分析了我国在这方面研究存在的问题,并就计算机视觉在农业领域应用前景进行了展望.     

Establishment of Chinese soybean Glycine max core collections with agronomic traits and SSR markers

It is very important to efficiently study and use genetic diversity resources in crop breeding and sustainable agriculture. In this study, different sampling methods and sample sizes were compared in order to optimize the strategies for building a rationally sized core collection of Chinese soybean (Glycine max). The diversity in the core collection captured more than 70% of that in the pre-core collection, no matter what sampling methods were used, at a sampling proportion of 1%. Core collections established with both simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker data and agronomic traits were more representative than those chosen on an independent basis. An optimal sampling method for a soybean core collection was determined, in which strategy ‘S’ (allocating accessions to clusters according to the proportion of square root of the original sample size within each ecotype) was used based on SSR and agronomic data. Curve estimation was used to estimate the allelic richness of the entire Chinese soybean germplasm and a minimum sample size for a core collection, on which a sampling proportion of about 2% was determined to be optimal for a core collection. Further analysis on the core collection with fourteen agronomic traits and allelic constitution at 60 SSR loci suggested that it highly represented the entire collections both on genetic structure and diversity distribution. This core collection would provide an effective platform in proper exploitation of soybean germplasm resources for the study of complex traits and discovering important novel traits for crop genetic development.     

两系杂交稻两优培九粒重因子的环境模型解析及生态特征分析

为探究两系杂交稻两优培九粒重对气候的反应和生态适应性,用2006年和2007年在南方稻区8个生态点29点次的田间种植试验资料,将粒重解析为谷粒长、宽、厚和比重4个因子,组建了谷粒面积(S)、厚度(H)和比重(ρ)的环境预测模型。相关分析表明,谷粒面积S的影响期在颖花分化期(III~IV期)至花粉母细胞减数分裂期(VI~VII期),温度是其主要影响因子,有利于谷粒长度和宽度发育的日平均气温( )为27~29℃,最高气温(T_max) 34℃,最低气温(T_min) 24℃。谷粒厚度H与抽穗后1~30 d的Tmax呈二次曲线关系,与 呈负相关。谷粒比重ρ与日照时数(SH)呈正相关,影响时期在抽穗后1~10 d;与Tmax呈负相关,影响时期在抽穗后1~30 d。有利于增加ρ的气象指标是SH达到8 h,T_max低于30℃。用1951—2002年的气候资料模拟计算了95个地区的两优培九千粒重,按7个水稻生态区归纳,平均值变化在25.93~28.01 g之间。千粒重的区域分布明显随纬度而递增,由于地形影响,在湘、赣、粤北地区还表现出一定的经向影响。晚季稻的千粒重则比早季稻高1.39 g。幼穗分化期的温度和灌浆结实期的温度、日照时数是造成两优培九粒重区域和季节特征的主要生态原因。