Evaluation of the air sac volume of penguins with respiratory diseases using computed tomography

Captive penguins with respiratory diseases exhibit advanced pathological conditions upon the appearance of clinical signs. Therefore, the successful treatment of respiratory diseases remains difficult after the onset of clinical signs, leading to high mortality rates. In this study, we measured air sac volume using computed tomography (CT) to evaluate the respiratory condition of penguins. In a regular quarterly health checkup, blood samples were collected from 45 penguins housed at an aquarium in Hokkaido, Japan. A total of 12 penguins with abnormal blood parameters underwent CT. The air sac volumes were calculated in three-dimensional CT, and the scatter plots of the air sac volumes and body weights were analyzed. No correlation was found between the air sac volume and body weight in both the gentoo and king penguins. Two gentoo penguins with infiltration and one king penguin with multiple nodules on CT were tentatively diagnosed with aspergillosis and treated with oral administration of itraconazole. Follow-up CT examination was performed until the outcome: healed or died. The mean air sac volumes of the two gentoo penguins, which recovered after treatment, increased from 273.9 and 329.0 cm³ before healing to 449.0 and 424.6 cm³ after healing, respectively. Meanwhile, the air sac volume of the king penguin, which subsequently died, decreased from 1,556.9 to 920.6 cm³ despite treatment. Changes of the air sac volume in the same individual could be useful for evaluating the respiratory condition of penguins.     

The enhancement of Th1 immune response by anti-PD-L1 antibody in cattle infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis

Johne’s disease, caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), is a chronic enteritis of ruminants. Previous studies have shown that programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is associated with the disease progression, and PD-L1 blockade activates MAP-specific Th1 responses in vitro. Here, we performed anti-PD-L1 antibody administration using 2 MAP-infected cattle at the late subclinical stage of infection. After administration, bacterial shedding was reduced or maintained at a low level. Additionally, MAP-specific Th1 cytokine production was upregulated, and CD69 expression was increased in T cells. Collectively, the treatment has a potential as a novel control method against Johne’s disease.     

Spontaneous Adenosquamous Carcinoma with Rapid Growth and EMT-like Changes in the Mammary Gland of a Young Adult Female BALB/c Mouse

This study histopathologically and immunohistochemically investigated a spontaneously occurring single mass subcutaneously located in the left lower abdomen of a female BALB/cAJcl−nu/+ mouse at 10 weeks of age. The mass was about 20 × 15 × 10 mm in size after formalin fixation; nevertheless, it was not detected by clinical observations at 9 weeks of age. H&E staining revealed the tumor origin was epithelial and probably arose from the mammary gland, and the tumor cells demonstrated a squamous, acinar or polyhedral/basal pattern. A cell kinetics analysis revealed that many of the tumor cells of the squamous, acinar or polyhedral/basal component were positive for PCNA and cyclin D1, although there were a few of TUNEL-positive tumor cells in all of the components. An epithelial/mesenchymal analysis demonstrated that most of the tumor cells of the squamous and acinar components contained keratin and E-cadherin; however, most of the tumor cells of the polyhedral/basal component were less or very weakly positive for these markers. The tumor cells of the squamous component were negative for vimentin and SMA; however, many of the tumor cells of the polyhedral/basal component exhibited vimentin. In addition, expression of SMA was confirmed in some tumor cells of the acinar and basal components. Based on the microscopic and immunohistochemical characterizations, the tumor was diagnosed to be adenosquamous carcinoma that originated from the mammary gland with rapid growth, and the tumor cells demonstrated epithelial-mesenchymal transition-like changes.     

Persistence of virus-neutralizing antibodies in horses inoculated with two doses of a live equine herpesvirus type 1 vaccine with different vaccination intervals

The antibody response in horses inoculated with 2 doses of a live equine herpesvirus type 1 vaccine with different vaccination intervals (1 to 3 months) was evaluated with regard to the persistence of virus-neutralizing (VN) antibodies. The durations for which the geometric mean VN titers were maintained significantly higher than those before the first vaccination (P<0.05) were up to 5 months in horses that received the vaccination with a 1-month interval (n=17) and 7 months for those that received it with a 2-month (n=17) or 3-month interval (n=14 or 17). The vaccination program with the 2-month interval was the most effective in maintaining VN antibodies for a long duration with the smallest gap of antibody decline between the first and second vaccinations.     

Identification and validation of quantitative trait loci associated with seed yield in soybean

In soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill], the genetic analysis of seed yield is important to aid in the breeding of high-yielding cultivars. Seed yield is a complex trait, and the number of quantitative trait loci (QTL) involved in seed yield is high. The aims of this study were to identify QTL associated with seed yield and validate their effects on seed yield using near-isogenic lines. The QTL analysis was conducted using a recombinant inbred line population derived from a cross between Japanese cultivars ‘Toyoharuka’ and ‘Toyomusume’, and eight seed yield-associated QTL were identified. There were significant positive correlations between seed yield and the number of favorable alleles at QTL associated with seed yield in the recombinant inbred lines for three years. The effects of qSY8-1, a QTL promoting greater seed yield, was validated in the Toyoharuka background. In a two-year yield trial, the 100-seed weight and seed yield of Toyoharuka-NIL, the near-isogenic line having the Toyomusume allele at qSY8-1, were significantly greater than those of Toyoharuka (106% and 107%, respectively) without any change for days to flowering and maturity. Our results suggest that qSY8-1 was not associated with maturity genes, and contributed to the 100-seed weight.     

纳米水雾环境对新鲜农产品采后贮藏过程中失重的调控

质量损失与冷害症状在新鲜农产品冷藏过程中经常发生,并会导致园艺产业巨大的经济损失。本试验分别研究了三种园艺产品,茄子(Solanum melongena)、日本芜青(Brassica rapa)和无花果(Ficus carica)在用两种类型加湿器制造的相对湿度为95%、温度分别为5.5℃和7℃的环境下贮藏10、6和8 d的贮藏品质。由纳米加湿器生成的水雾粒子平均直径小于100 nm,而由超声波加湿器生成的水雾粒子平均直径为216 nm。结果表明,纳米加湿器处理的日本芜菁、茄子和无花果样品的失重率分别为3.7%、5.3%和8.8%,超声波加湿器处理三种样品的失重率分别为7.3%、8.5%和14.7%。在纳米水雾贮藏室内放置的茄子果实的冷害指数要低于在超声波加湿环境中贮藏的果实。纳米水雾中的日本芜菁和无花果的气孔相比其初始状态下分别关闭了34.7μm2和51.5μm2,而在超声波水雾中则分别关闭了15.8μm2和25.5μm2。在纳米水雾中贮藏的日本芜菁的颜色要比在超声波水雾中贮藏的芫菁更绿。     

Effect of brown seaweed lipids on fatty acid composition and lipid hydroperoxide levels of mouse liver

Brown seaweed lipids from Undaria pinnatifida (Wakame), Sargassum horneri (Akamoku), and Cystoseira hakodatensis (Uganomoku) contained several bioactive compounds, namely, fucoxanthin, polyphenols, and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Fucoxanthin and polyphenol contents of Akamoku and Uganomoku lipids were higher than those of Wakame lipids, while Wakame lipids showed higher total omega-3 PUFA content than Akamoku and Uganomoku lipids. The levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA) in liver lipids of KK-A(y) mouse significantly increased by Akamoku and Uganomoku lipid feeding as compared with the control, but not by Wakame lipid feeding. Fucoxanthin has been reported to accelerate the bioconversion of omega-3 PUFA and omega-6 PUFA to DHA and AA, respectively. The higher hepatic DHA and AA level of mice fed Akamoku and Uganomoku lipids would be attributed to the higher content of fucoxanthin of Akamoku and Uganomoku lipids. The lipid hydroperoxide levels of the liver of mice fed brown seaweed lipids were significantly lower than those of control mice, even though total PUFA content was higher in the liver of mice fed brown seaweed lipids. This would be, at least in part, due to the antioxidant activity of fucoxanthin metabolites in the liver.     

Efficient digestion and structural characteristics of cell walls of coffee beans

Screening of effective food-processing cellulase for digestion of cell walls of coffee beans was carried out, and the cellulase from Trichoderma sp. was selected. The digestion of the cell walls of green and roasted coffee beans was carried out by sequential procedures of alkali boiling (0.1 M Na2CO3 buffer, pH 10, and 0.1 M NaOH), cellulase digestion, autoclaving with 0.1 M NaOH, and cellulase redigestion. The total digestion yields were >95 and >96%, respectively. The cell walls became thin, and the final residues of the cell walls were easily broken into small pieces. The neutral sugar analysis of the digestion or the extract and the residues and the microscopy observations with staining with toluidine blue O, Yariv reagent, and calcofluor for the residue in each step were investigated. Four structures, the galactomannan-cellulose (center part), the membrane of the arabinogalactan protein, the cellulose-rich galactomannan layer, and the arabinogalactan protein-rich layers (outer part), were found in the cell walls.