Gross nitrogen mineralisation and fungi-to-bacteria ratios are negatively correlated in boreal forests

In terrestrial ecosystems, gross nitrogen mineralisation is positively correlated to microbial biomass but negatively to soil organic matter C-to-N ratios; the influence of the microbial community structure is less well known. Here, we relate rates of gross N mineralisation to fungi-to-bacteria ratios in three natural forest types of contrasting N availability and in a long-term N-loading experiment in a boreal forest. We report, for the first time, a strong negative correlation between gross N mineralisation and the fungi-to-bacteria ratio ( = 0.91, P = 0.0005, N = 7). There was also a negative correlation between gross N mineralisation and the C-to-N ratio ( = 0.89, P = 0.001, N = 7), but a weaker positive correlation between gross N mineralisation and soil pH ( = 0.64, P = 0.019, N = 7). Our analysis suggests that soil fungi-to-bacteria and C-to-N ratios are interrelated and that they exert strong influences on soil N cycling in boreal forests.     

14个青贮玉米品种在宁夏雨养区的生产性能和营养价值综合评价

为筛选出适合宁夏雨养区种植的优质高产青贮玉米（Zea mays）品种,于2019–2020年在宁夏隆德县许沟村采用随机区组试验对14个青贮玉米品种进行适应性评价,利用主成分分析法（PCA）对其农艺性状、产量及营养成分等指标进行综合评价。结果表明：‘种星618’的株高最高（313.2 cm）;‘SN211’的叶片数最多(15片·株^-1);‘金刚50’的鲜草产量最高(99 822.9 kg·hm^-2),显著高于其他品种（P <0.05）。淀粉含量大于30%的品种有3个,分别是‘银玉238’、‘SN211’、‘文玉3号’;茎秆糖锤度表现最优品种是‘银玉238’（9.14%）;粗蛋白含量表现最优品种是‘百绿2900’（11.69%）;‘金刚50’的中性洗涤纤维含量最低（39.72%）,相对饲喂价值最高（144.92）。PCA综合评价得分居前5位的品种分别为‘SN211’、‘宁单46’、‘种星618’、‘金刚50’、‘文玉3号’,其中‘金刚50’、‘宁单46’、‘文玉3号’产量和品质最佳。因此,‘金刚50’、‘宁单46’、‘文玉3号’适宜在宁夏雨...     

丝瓜新品种蓉杂丝瓜1号的选育

蓉杂丝瓜1号是由自交系3-6和14-5杂交选育出的肉丝瓜一代杂种。主蔓始瓜节位为第6～12节,果实圆柱形,纵径20～27 cm,横径3.0～4.2 cm,单果质量190～310 g。一般前期产量为1 267 kg?（667 m2）-1,总产量为2 000～3 500 kg?（667 m2）-1,适合四川省及长江流域早春大棚和春季露地栽培。     

岭南园林在现代居住地产园林中的继承和发展——以佛山中海万锦公馆项目为例

以佛山中海万锦公馆项目为例,说明岭南园林在现代居住地产园林项目中的继承和发展现状.佛山中海万锦公馆项目采用"一轴、三园、六院、三进、九井"的空间院落形制,还原传统造园模式"一池三山",以现代手段和方法营造岭南建筑风格、营造岭南园林植物景观、提炼岭南传统符号、应用传统岭南色彩等岭南元素,并用现代的技术和材料进行了园林铺装...     

Origin of rice (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza sativa</Emphasis> L.) domestication genes

A number of genes that contribute to the domestication traits of cultivated rice have been identified. These include Sh4, Rc, PROG1 and LABA1, which are associated with non-shattering rachis, white pericarp, erect growth and barbless awns, respectively. The mutations giving rise to the “domestication alleles” of these genes are either invariable in cultivated rice, or have variability that is strictly associated with the phenotypic trait. This observation forms the basis to those current rice domestication models that envisage a single origin for the domesticated phenotype. Such models assume that the domestication alleles are absent or rare in wild rice, emerged under cultivation and spread across all rice groups by introgressive hybridization. We examined whole-genome sequencing datasets for wild and cultivated rice to test the former two assumptions. We found that the rc and laba1 alleles occur in wild rice with broad geographical distribution, and reach frequencies as high as 13 and 15%, respectively. These results are in agreement with previous observations of the prog1 and sh4 domestication alleles in wild populations. We also show that the diversity of the genomic regions surrounding the rc, laba1, prog1 and sh4 alleles in wild accessions is greater than that in cultivated rice, suggesting that these alleles emerged prior to domestication. Our findings indicate that the possibility that independent rice groups obtained identical domestication alleles directly from the wild population needs to be considered.     

Work quality and veneer value recovery of mechanised and manual log-making in Italian poplar plantations

In Italy, poplar plantations represent an important source of wood products, and especially of high-quality veneer logs. These plantations offer favourable conditions to the introduction of forest mechanisation, and especially easy access and industrial management. However, owners fear that mechanised log-making may cause value losses, due to poor length measurement, log surface damage and improper grading. This study compared the performance of manual and mechanised log-making on ten commercial operations, in order to determine the occurrence and the severity of possible value losses due to product degrade. The study found that length measurement errors are smaller for mechanised processing, while the frequency and severity of log surface damage are the same for both treatments. In three cases out of five, mechanised log-making extracted the same value from the stems as manual log-making: in the remaining two, differences were very small and went opposite directions. Significant differences were found between operators, stressing the importance of operator skills and motivation. In fact, the log-making specifications and the pricing structure applied to poplar processing are relatively simple and are unlikely to challenge the ability of personnel and equipment. At present, most Italian poplar growers are unaware of the potential offered by modern technology, whose intelligent use would boost value recovery and decrease harvesting cost. Significant benefits may derive from the introduction of optimised bucking, which may help shifting to a more articulated and rewarding product strategy.     

NaCl胁迫对玉米自交系种子萌发和根芽生长的影响

研究玉米自交系种子萌发及幼苗生长过程中根长、芽长及鲜质量在不同NaCl质量浓度胁迫下的变化。结果表明,3～6 g/LNaCl处理对玉米自交系H80和自选205发芽的抑制作用较小,对B708发芽的抑制作用较大;9 g/L的盐质量浓度可能是影响玉米种子萌发的临界浓度。盐胁迫下,玉米种子的发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数明显下降。盐胁迫抑制玉米发芽期间芽和根的生长,且在低盐质量浓度(3 g/L)下根受抑制敏感程度大于芽。玉米自交系间的耐盐性存在明显差异,自选205耐盐性相对较强,H80次之,B708耐盐性相对较差。     

Effect of salinity on occurrence of notochord deformities in Japanese eel <Emphasis Type="Italic">Anguilla japonica</Emphasis> larvae

One of the difficulties to rear Anguilla japonica larvae is the frequent occurrence of notochord deformities. We tested the effect of salinity on the occurrence of the deformities, because we have been using 50 % diluted seawater (50 % SW) for glass eel production, on the basis of the fact that intermediate salinity saves energy due to lower cost for osmoregulation and contributes higher survival and growth rates. We reared 6-day-old larvae in 50 and 100 % SW for 85 days and observed their morphology. The occurrence rate of deformed larvae, including kyphosis and scoliosis, was significantly higher in 50 % SW (35.8 %) than in 100 % SW (25.4 %), while survival rate was significantly higher in 50 % SW (69.8 %) than in 100 % SW (32.3 %) and growth in 50 % SW (mean body depth: 7.9 ± 5.3 mm) was better than in 100 % SW (6.8 ± 4.6 mm). We speculate that the most of severely deformed larvae could not survive in the tougher condition of 100 % SW, showing the lower occurrence of deformed larvae. Eventually, the yield of normal larvae after 85 days rearing was 1.9-fold higher in 50 % SW than in 100 % SW, implying that the advantage of 50 % SW for rearing eel larvae outweighs the risk of deformities.     

哺乳类和鸟类动物隐孢子虫交叉感染试验研究

为了明确哺乳类和鸟类宿主隐孢子虫能否交叉感染，分别从鸡、兔、小白鼠、鸭、鹌鹑分离到隐孢子虫进行交叉感染。结果，从鸡分离的隐孢子虫卵囊能感染鸭、鹌鹑、麻雀，而不能感染鸽、大白鼠、小白鼠、兔，从鸭分离的卵囊能感染鸡，从兔、小白鼠分离的卵囊不能感染鸡、鹌鹑，从鹌鹑分离的卵囊不能感染兔、大白鼠、小白鼠和鸡。提示隐孢子虫在宿主纲水平上有宿主特异性。     

Rust-proofing wheat for a changing climate

This paper offers projections of potential effects of climate change on rusts of wheat and how we should factor in a changing climate when planning for the future management of these diseases. Even though the rusts of wheat have been extensively studied internationally, there is a paucity of information on the likely effects of a changing climate on the rusts and their influence on wheat production. Due to the lack of published empirical research we relied on the few published studies of other plant diseases, our own unpublished work and relevant information from the vast literature on rusts of wheat to prepare this overview. Three broad areas of potential risks from a changing climate were described: increased loss from wheat rusts, new rust pathotypes evolving faster and the reduced effectiveness of rust resistances. Increased biomass of wheat crops grown in the presence of elevated CO₂ concentrations and higher temperatures will increase the leaf area available for attack by the pathogen leading to increased inoculum production. If changed weather conditions were to accelerate the life cycle of a pathogen, the increased inoculum can lead to severe rust epidemics in many environments. Likewise should the effects of climate change result in more conducive conditions for rust development there will also be a corresponding increase in the rate of evolution of new pathotypes which could increase the rate of appearance of new virulences. The effectiveness of some rust resistance genes is influenced by temperature and crop development stage. Climate change may directly or indirectly influence the effectiveness of some resistance genes but this can not be ascertained due to a complete lack of knowledge. Since disease resistance breeding is a long term strategy it is important to determine if any of the important genes may become less effective due to climate change. Studies must be made to acquire new information on the rust disease triangle to increase the adaptive capacity of wheat under climate change. Leadership within the Borlaug Global Rust Initiative (BGRI) is needed to broker research on rust evolution and the durability of resistance under climate change.