Comparative evaluation of the emulsifying properties of phosphatidylcholine after enzymatic acyl modification

The ability of enzymatically synthesized structured phosphatidylcholine (PC) containing caprylic acid to form and stabilize oil-in-water emulsions prepared with different triglycerides [medium chain triglycerides (MCT), soybean oil, and enzymatically synthesized structured lipids] was examined and compared with natural soybean PC and deoiled lecithin. Emulsions were prepared with varying oil and emulsifier concentrations. The particle size distribution, creaming stability, and viscosity were measured for the evaluation of the emulsifying properties. With an increase in the oil concentration, there was an increase in particle size, viscosity, and creaming layer. With an increase in the phospholipid (PL) concentration, there was usually a decrease in particle size and an increase in viscosity, where the emulsion stability was increased. General emulsions prepared with structured lipids resulted in smaller particle sizes as compared to MCT and soybean oil. Deoiled lecithin was able to increase the viscosity more significantly and give smaller particle sizes as compared to the other emulsifiers, thus producing more stable emulsions. However, in certain cases, structured PC was superior to deoiled lecithin and soybean PC. This observation was made for emulsions prepared with soybean oil or structured lipid at an oil/water ratio of 10:90. At an oil/water ratio of 30:70, the deoiled lecithin performed better as compared to the other PLs with all oil types. However, structured PC produced more stable emulsions as compared to natural soybean PC in MCT and soybean oil.     

唐山市沙流河镇水资源供需平衡优化分析

运用系统论和线性目标规划法,结合唐山市沙流河镇实证研究,构建小城镇水资源供需平衡优化数学模型,剖析该镇水资源供需矛盾,提出水资源供需平衡优化方案。结果显示,沙流河镇水资源补给总量为1490.55万m³·a^-1,若对水资源利用量不加约束,2001、2005和2010年沙流河镇用水总量分别达到2352.73万m³、2429.73万m³和2491.72万m³;水资源超采量分别达到862.18万m³、939.18万m³和1001.17万m³;其中农业用水量最大,占90%以上。鉴于农业用水比重大、利用效率低,提出沙流河镇实施、推广节水灌溉技术和积极退耕还林等节水措施。经过逐年逼近平衡的办法,到2010年沙流河镇水资源量可以节余63.32万m³,基本实现全镇水资源供需平衡。     

Fermentation as a bio-process to obtain functional soybean flours

The effect of fermentation on the antioxidant compounds [vitamins C and E, total phenolic compounds (TPC), and reduced glutathione (GSH)], and antioxidant capacity [superoxide anion scavenging activity (SOD-like activity), peroxyl radical-trapping capacity (PRTC), inhibition of phosphatidylcholine (PC) peroxidation, and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC)] of soybean (Glycine max cv. Merit) was studied. Fermentation was carried out in solid state in cracked seeds inoculated with Aspergillus oryzae, Rhizopus oryzae, Bacillus subtilis, and Lactobacillus plantarum and in liquid state either in cracked seeds or milled soybean flours fermented naturally by only the microorganisms present in the seeds or by inoculation with L. plantarum. Vitamin C was not detected in the studied samples. Fermentation caused a decrease in vitamin E activity, except when cracked seed was fermented with A. oryzae, R. oryzae, or B. subtilis that increased 31, 30, and 89%, respectively. Fermentation produced an increase in TPC content and did not affect or reduce the GSH content. Fermentation decreased SOD-like activity drastically, while PRTC increased except when it was carried out naturally in cracked seed. TEAC values rose sharply when soybeans were fermented with B. subtilis. Processed soybean extracts inhibited PC peroxidation in comparison with the control assay. On the basis of the results obtained, the relative contributions of vitamin E, TPC, and GSH to antioxidant capacity were calculated and results showed a very high TPC contribution and a low contribution of GSH and vitamin E activity. Optimum results for functional soybean flours were achieved when fermentation was carried out with B. subtilis inoculum.     

黄土高原粗泥沙集中来源区水沙变化特征及趋势性分析

黄土高原粗泥沙集中来源区为治理黄河泥沙的重点核心地区.根据1960-1999年黄土高原粗泥沙集中来源区皇甫川、孤山川I、窟野河,秃尾河和佳芦河径流及输沙资料,以流域为单元,分析了区内各流域径流量、输沙量的年内、年际变化特征及变化趋势.结果表明,区内径流量及输沙量的年际、年内变化较大.在季节上,除秃尾河径流量集中期为6月份外,其余4条流域径流量的集中期均为8月份;5条流域输沙量的集中期均为8月份.各流域径流量、输沙量的突变时间均在20世纪70年代,说明各流域水沙量呈现减少的趋势,尤以20世纪90年代减少最明显.人类活动和气候变化是影响该区内各流域水沙变化的主要因素.     

西北黄土区水土流失现状与综合治理对策

通过西北黄土区水土流失与生态安全综合考察,在对该区水土流失现状特点与发展趋势综合分析的基础上,总结水土流失治理的主要经验,提出水土保持与综合治理的目标和对策。根据遥感分析,黄土高原地区2000年土壤侵蚀面积41．9万km^2,占总面积的67．14％,其中水力侵蚀占总面积的52．78％,风力侵蚀占总面积的14．11％。近年来,黄土高原地区土壤侵蚀强度及其面积发生显著变化,强度侵蚀面积显著减少;目前黄土高原地区水土保持措施平均每年可减少入黄泥沙4．1亿-4．5亿t。该区综合治理对策是：以生态安全和经济可持续发展为目标,实现生态、经济及社会效益协调发展;以黄土丘陵区与风沙丘陵区为主,以粗泥沙集中来源区为重点;进一步扩大生态修复规模,加快林草植被建设;加大淤地坝建设力度,加快实施坡改梯工程;加强水土保持科学与技术研究,为治理工程提供有效的科技支撑,建立稳定的投入机制,加大投入力度。     

长白落叶松人工林的适宜经营密度

针对目前长白落叶松人工林间伐研究缺乏长期定位资料的状况,对东北东部林区同一立地条件下、同一林龄长白落叶松人工林采取不同密度经营指数(近似0.7、0.8、0.9、1.0、>1.0)进行了间伐,并长期记录其生长状况,研究其间伐的长期效果。结果表明:到达成熟期时,样地内保留木的平均胸径是随着经营密度指数的增大而减小,即间伐强度越大,林木的平均胸径越大。而不同的经营密度指数对单位面积蓄积量的影响没有明显差异。综合研究认为:落叶松人工林适宜采取的经营密度指数为0.7、0.8。     

立地条件对长白落叶松养分生物学特性的影响

以黑龙江省佳木斯市孟家岗林场立地指数为11(差)、13(中)和17(好)的长白落叶松人工幼林作为研究对象,以氮、磷、钾为例,对其根(粗根边材、粗根心材、中根、小根)、树干(边材、心材)、枝(新鲜树枝、立枯枝)、树皮(新鲜树皮、死树皮)和针叶进行了养分生物学特性的研究。结果表明:小根(l≤2cm)、活枝、针叶中氮的质量分数,以及粗根(l≥5cm)、树干边材、针叶中磷的质量分数,和活树皮中钾的质量分数在3种立地条件下的林木之间,分别表现出显著的差异;其他器官中氮、磷、钾的质量分数在3种立地条件下的林木之间无显著差异;树干边材中氮、磷、钾的质量分数均显著高于树干心材,而粗根心材和粗根边材中氮、磷、钾的质量分数方面无显著差异;新鲜树枝和新鲜树皮中氮、磷、钾的质量分数均显著高于相应的立枯枝和死树皮;小根中氮、磷、钾的质量分数显著高于中根(2相似文献   

Integrating meteorological factors for better understanding of the urban form-air quality relationship

Landscape Ecology - Understanding the urban form-air quality relationship is essential to mitigate intra-urban air pollution and to improve urban ecology. However, few studies considered urban form...     

短轮伐期桉树人工林个体林木特征研究

利用广东高要和广西扶绥两地14个2~10年生桉树林分样地共287株样木,研究短轮伐期桉树人工林个体林木特征指标,并比较现有广西良种桉二元带皮和去皮材积公式估算个体林木材积的准确性,分析不同年龄、林分和径阶林木的出材率。结果表明:带皮和去皮林木的胸高形数为0.504±0.004 2和0.529±0.004 4、实验形数为0.410±0.002 4和0.427±0.002 7、形率为0.657±0.003 4和0.690±0.003 6、高径比为1.22±0.017和1.43±0.019。用广西良种桉二元带皮和去皮材积公式估算单株林木带皮和去皮材积与实际材积高度相关(r>0.99),但估算值普遍偏低,平均分别小3.7%和21.0%;尤以用带皮材积公式估算去皮材积比用去皮材积公式估计要准确,平均只小2.3%。如以6年生以上样地和尾径4 cm以上的去皮林木为实际出材,5个相关样地林分平均出材率为(73.3±4.31)%,最小为54.6%,最大为81.5%。     

荒漠草地物种多样性的水分特征研究

通过在伊犁河谷山前倾斜平原荒漠草地开展的不同灌溉量草地恢复试验,对测试的试验地内草地植物物种多样性指数和灌溉水量之间的关系进行了初步的研究。结果显示:在荒漠草地,水分是影响草地植物长势的重要限制因子,随着水分条件的转好,植被盖度和蒿类的分盖度均有显著的提高,草地植物的生物量和群丛高度均显著增加;随着灌溉量的增加,S im pson指数、Shannon-W iener指数、P ie lou指数和M arga lef指数均出现递增的趋势,其中每增加1 kg/d水量,S im pson指数将增加0.021,表明在温性荒漠草原生物多样性指数对水量变化的灵敏度较高。