渭河流域气候变化与人类活动对径流的影响

以黄河最大的一级支流渭河为研究对象,根据渭河流域华县水文站1958--2011年径流资料,采用Mann—Kendall趋势检验、Pettitt非参数统计和双累积曲线法分析径流序列的变化趋势和突变点,同时采用水量平衡法定量分析气候变化和人类活动对径流量的影响。结果表明：1）华县水文站径流量呈显著下降趋势（标准正态统计变量〈-2．23）,年均递减系数为0．86mm／a;2）径流量自1994年呈显著性减少趋势,据此将径流序列划分为2个阶段,即基准期1958--1994年和变化期1995—2011年;3）变化期较基准期在枯水年、平水年和丰水年径流量分别下降64．6％、41．3％和45．5％,枯水年流量下降趋势最为明显;4）华县站以上控制区内降雨变化和人类活动对径流变化的贡献率分别为49．0％和51．0％,气候变化对渭河径流量的影响主要是由降水量的减少引起的。     

Comparative evaluation of the emulsifying properties of phosphatidylcholine after enzymatic acyl modification

The ability of enzymatically synthesized structured phosphatidylcholine (PC) containing caprylic acid to form and stabilize oil-in-water emulsions prepared with different triglycerides [medium chain triglycerides (MCT), soybean oil, and enzymatically synthesized structured lipids] was examined and compared with natural soybean PC and deoiled lecithin. Emulsions were prepared with varying oil and emulsifier concentrations. The particle size distribution, creaming stability, and viscosity were measured for the evaluation of the emulsifying properties. With an increase in the oil concentration, there was an increase in particle size, viscosity, and creaming layer. With an increase in the phospholipid (PL) concentration, there was usually a decrease in particle size and an increase in viscosity, where the emulsion stability was increased. General emulsions prepared with structured lipids resulted in smaller particle sizes as compared to MCT and soybean oil. Deoiled lecithin was able to increase the viscosity more significantly and give smaller particle sizes as compared to the other emulsifiers, thus producing more stable emulsions. However, in certain cases, structured PC was superior to deoiled lecithin and soybean PC. This observation was made for emulsions prepared with soybean oil or structured lipid at an oil/water ratio of 10:90. At an oil/water ratio of 30:70, the deoiled lecithin performed better as compared to the other PLs with all oil types. However, structured PC produced more stable emulsions as compared to natural soybean PC in MCT and soybean oil.     

Fermentation as a bio-process to obtain functional soybean flours

The effect of fermentation on the antioxidant compounds [vitamins C and E, total phenolic compounds (TPC), and reduced glutathione (GSH)], and antioxidant capacity [superoxide anion scavenging activity (SOD-like activity), peroxyl radical-trapping capacity (PRTC), inhibition of phosphatidylcholine (PC) peroxidation, and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC)] of soybean (Glycine max cv. Merit) was studied. Fermentation was carried out in solid state in cracked seeds inoculated with Aspergillus oryzae, Rhizopus oryzae, Bacillus subtilis, and Lactobacillus plantarum and in liquid state either in cracked seeds or milled soybean flours fermented naturally by only the microorganisms present in the seeds or by inoculation with L. plantarum. Vitamin C was not detected in the studied samples. Fermentation caused a decrease in vitamin E activity, except when cracked seed was fermented with A. oryzae, R. oryzae, or B. subtilis that increased 31, 30, and 89%, respectively. Fermentation produced an increase in TPC content and did not affect or reduce the GSH content. Fermentation decreased SOD-like activity drastically, while PRTC increased except when it was carried out naturally in cracked seed. TEAC values rose sharply when soybeans were fermented with B. subtilis. Processed soybean extracts inhibited PC peroxidation in comparison with the control assay. On the basis of the results obtained, the relative contributions of vitamin E, TPC, and GSH to antioxidant capacity were calculated and results showed a very high TPC contribution and a low contribution of GSH and vitamin E activity. Optimum results for functional soybean flours were achieved when fermentation was carried out with B. subtilis inoculum.     

往复式割刀切割马铃薯秧数值模拟分析

针对马铃薯收秧机械在国内发展空白和往复式切割器切割马铃薯秧蔓研究较少的问题,对往复式切割器进行三维建模、显式动力学分析,并仿真得到往复式切割器在切割马铃薯秧过程中的变形结果、应力和剪切力变化折线图。结果表明:马铃薯秧的最大变形为148.98mm,最大应力为2.7706MPa,最大剪切力为1.5368 MPa,且往复式切割刀的各项指标均在合理范围之内,能够充分实现马铃薯秧苗的切割。该研究内容可为往复式切割器在马铃薯秧蔓切割问题上的探讨提供参考。     

施氮量对超级稻‘松粳9号’产量及氮肥利用率的影响

为了探讨施氮量与‘松粳9号’干物质积累、产量、氮肥利用率之间的关系,明确最佳氮肥施用量,使其在生产中真正发挥超级稻的增产潜力。以超级稻‘松粳9号’为材料,通过田间小区对比试验,研究了不同氮肥施用量对超级稻‘松粳9号’产量及氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,在水稻齐穗期,地上部植株干物质积累量和吸氮量都随着施氮量的增加而增加;成熟期地上部植株干物质积累量和吸氮量都随着施氮量的增加出现先增后减的趋势。氮肥利用率随着施氮量的增加而降低。随着施氮量的增加产量出现先增后减的趋势。产量与成熟期稻穗和植株干物重、齐穗期稻穗含氮量、成熟期稻穗和植株含氮量呈极显著正相关,与氮肥生理利用率呈显著正相关。施氮量195 kg/hm²能实现超级稻‘松粳9号’最高产量。     

不同水稻品种干物质积累与产量性状的相关研究

为了探讨黑龙江省南部稻区不同水稻品种干物质积累与产量性状的相互关系,选用了该稻区不同时期主栽的6个品种为试验材料,通过田间小区对比试验进行研究,结果表明：不同水稻品种干物质积累总的趋势是前期低、后期高、中期次之;不同水稻品种抽穗前、抽穗后干物质积累量比例不同,抽穗后干物质积累量明显高于抽穗前干物质积累量;干物质积累量由高到低的品种为‘松粳9号’、‘松粳3号’、‘松粳2号’、‘松粳6号’、‘五优稻1号’、‘藤系138’;产量由高到低的品种为‘松粳9号’、‘松粳3号’、‘松粳6号’、‘松粳2号’、‘五优稻1号’、‘藤系138’;拔节至齐穗期和齐穗至成熟期干物质积累量与产量呈显著正相关;抽穗前干物质积累量与每穗粒数、千粒重呈极显著正相关;抽穗后干物质积累量与产量呈显著正相关;总干物质积累量与产量呈极显著正相关;成穗率与产量呈极显著正相关,结实率与产量呈显著正相关。合理提高拔节至成熟期干物质积累量有利于提高本稻区水稻产量。     

五香‘绿岭1号’薄皮核桃烘烤工艺研究

以‘绿岭1号’薄皮核桃为原料,从烘烤工艺出发,在不添加抗氧化剂的前提下,对比不同烘烤温度下薄皮核桃的干燥速率和氧化程度,优化五香薄皮核桃的烘烤条件,达到缩短烘烤时间、降低氧化程度的目的。结果表明,‘绿岭1号’薄皮核桃在60~90℃梯度升温烘烤条件下,干燥时间、氧化程度均明显低于其他烘烤方式,并且产品质量良好。因此‘绿岭1号’薄皮核桃的最佳烘烤条件是60~90℃梯度升温,其次是持续80℃烘烤。     

新型绿色农药5-氨基乙酰丙酸的应用及合成方法

5-氨基乙酰丙酸是一种新型农药,由于其在环境中易降解,无残留,对人蓄无毒性,所以是一种无公害的绿色农药而倍受关注,在农业领域应用非常广泛,主要应用于植物生长调节剂、绿色除草剂、杀虫剂等方面,还可以应用到医学、有机合成等方面。本文还对其国内、外的生物方法、化学方法合成研究现状做了分析总结,为δ-ALA在农业、医学等各个领域的应用推广提供了理论依据,为以后δ-ALA的合成方法研究提供了研究方向。     

重型立式车床转台流固耦合传热数值模拟与实验

采用流固耦合的数值方法研究了重型立式车床转台的耦合传热特性,使传热外边界条件变成内边界条件,更符合实际工况。给出了转速范围在5~50 r/min内的空气流场,以及工作台、底座和静压油膜的温度场分布。数值模拟结果表明转速提高使静压油膜温度升高,承载能力下降,加强了散热面对流,且高转速时底座的散热量被低估,但散热面温度没有显著升高,加重了工作台和底座热集中。同时,工作台数值模拟结果与红外线热像仪测量数据吻合较好,说明数值模拟结果符合物理原理,扩展了流固耦合传热的应用范围,使立式车床的散热情况分析结果更加可靠和精确。     

太行山前平原井灌农田点尺度土壤水分动态随机模拟

基于中国科学院栾城农业生态系统试验站2002—2008年夏玉米生长期内的土壤水分观测数据及2000—2008年的降水(灌溉)、气象、生物数据,结合Laio土壤水分动态随机模型研究了太行山山前平原典型农田点尺度土壤水分动态的随机性。结果表明:研究区2000—2008年夏玉米生长期内日平均降水量为10.71 mm,降水频率0.290 9,其中小雨、暴雨的发生频率表现出明显上升趋势,中雨的发生频率呈显著下降趋势,大雨发生频率表现出微弱下降倾向;玉米生长期的土壤含水率6月份处于增长期,7月份达到生长期最高值并稳定在32.2%的水平,8月份以后下降并在9月份趋于稳定;Laio模型模拟得到土壤相对湿度的概率密度函数在曲线形状(峰值、峰值出现的位置、90%置信区间)与数字特征(中位数、均值、方差)方面与观测结果一致(α=0.05),模型在井灌区具有很好的适用性,且可以将灌溉作为一次降雨事件来处理;应用Laio模型得到在多年平均降雨条件下,32.1 mm的田间净灌溉量可以在50%水平上使夏玉米生长期内的土壤含水率保持在田间持水量的80%以上。