水土保持对偏关河径流和泥沙的影响分析

 偏关河流域水土保持面积从1959年的1万1593hm2增加到1996年的5万5338hm2,占流域面积的28.90%。年径流量、常水径流量与年份和各类水土保持措施之间,均呈极显著负相关,年径流量与年降水量、汛期降水量和有效降水量,均呈显著正相关,而常水流量与年降水量、汛期降水量和有效降水量关系很弱;偏关河流域小型蒸发器测定的蒸发量与年份呈显著负相关,但径流和泥沙变化并没有增加,说明水土保持是引起径流量和泥沙量变化的主要原因。洪水径流量、年输沙量和洪水输沙量变化一致,与年降水量、汛期降水量和有效降水量均呈显著正相关,而与水土保持措施面积呈不显著的负相关。     

植被和梯田措施对坡沟系统细沟侵蚀调控作用

坡沟系统作为黄土丘陵沟壑区基本的地貌单元,也是黄土高原侵蚀泥沙的主要来源区。植被和梯田作为坡面水土流失治理的主要措施,对于土壤侵蚀控制和生态恢复发挥着重要的作用,定量评估林草、梯田对坡面细沟侵蚀的调控作用以及多措施协同配置问题对于黄土高原水土流失治理和生态保护具有重要意义。为了揭示植被和梯田的格局和配置对坡沟系统细沟侵蚀的协同调控作用,该研究采用人工模拟降雨,结合三维激光扫描技术,分析了坡面4种措施：上坡位植被（措施A）、下坡位植被（措施B）、梯田（措施C）、梯田+植被（措施D）对细沟侵蚀发生和演变过程的影响。结果表明：1）相同植被覆盖度下,下坡位的植被布设细沟最大长度较上坡位的植被布设细沟最大长度减小量更大;2）第1次降雨中,侵蚀率最大值达到3 500 g/min以上,第2次降雨过程中侵蚀率最大值仅为1 100 g/min以上,在各产流时间内第2次降雨侵蚀率均为第1次降雨侵蚀率的1/3～1/2;3）对于各措施下细沟沟长发育率由大到小表现为措施A(6.55 cm/min)、措施C(5.71 cm/min)、措施B(3.60 cm/min)、措施D(2.69 cm/min);4）梯田与植...     

基于卷积神经网络的中国北方冬小麦遥感估产

针对传统的农作物估产方法过度依赖人工经验,以及实地采样成本高等问题。该研究使用MODIS数据构建了基于卷积神经网络(convolutional neural network,CNN)的冬小麦估产模型。对2006-2016年中国北方冬小麦核心区的60个地级市进行模型训练,鲁棒性检验以及估产误差空间特征分析。结果表明:1)估产模型在训练集和验证集的均方根误差(root mean squareerror,RMSE)分别为183.82kg/hm2、689.72 kg/hm2,决定系数(R2)分别为0.98、0.71。2)以同样的神经网络结构对2006-2016年估产样本分别作为验证集,训练11个独立模型的RMSE平均值是772.03 kg/hm2,证明算法具有较高的鲁棒性。3)2007、2012和2016年不同省份的估产结果表明,模型对北方冬小麦区的平原区估产精度较高,尤其是河北和山东2省(RMSE为500 kg/hm2)。该文构建的估产模型可以实现冬小麦单产的复杂拟合,可以应用于较大尺度(范围)冬小麦产量预报。     

Comparison of Activated Sludge Technologies by Particle Size Analysis

This paper analyses the influence of activated sludge technologies on the Particle Size Distribution (PSD) of urban wastewater treatment plants operating under real conditions. The activated sludge treatment systems selected for the analysis are the most widely used in wastewater treatment installations: (a) double step activated sludge, (b) medium load activated sludge, (c) prolonged aeration, and (d) membrane bioreactors The main quality parameters (suspended solids, turbidity, and COD) and PSD in the influent and effluent of each different activated sludge treatment were analyzed during 1?year. The PSD was fitted using the power law ( $ n\left( {{d_{\text{P}}}} \right) = \frac{{\partial {\text{N}}\left( {{d_{\text{p}}}} \right)}}{{\partial {d_{\text{p}}}}} = A \cdot d_{\text{p}}^{{ - b \cdot {\text{Log}}\left( {{d_{\text{p}}}} \right)}} $ ) obtaining coefficients A and b to define the particle distribution. Mathematical correlations between this coefficients and the rest of parameters studied were found $ \left( {\matrix{ {{\text{SS}} = {0}{.0126} \cdot {A^{{{0}{.781}}}},} &{{\text{Turbidity}} = 15.5814 + 1.164 \cdot {{10}^3} \cdot A{,}} &{{\text{COD}} = \frac{{1}}{{{0}{.0133} + \cdot \frac{{{49}{.85}}}{\text{A}}}}} \\ }<!end array> } \right) $ . The relation with the average particle size by mass was also found, ( $ {d_{\text{pma}}} = - 11.6502 + \frac{{50.4265}}{b} $ ). Moreover, a relation between PSD and the particle elimination efficiency of the secondary treatment was study, ( $ \eta = 0.1434 - \frac{{0.5602}}{{{A_{\text{rel}}}}} + \frac{{0.7490}}{{{b_{\text{rel}}}}} $ ). Finally, the particulate matter nature was assessed by SEM-EDX. It can be concluded that membrane bioreactor is the technology that produces the best water quality effluent due to physic process of particle separation by ultrafiltration membrane technology.     

The limonoids and their antitobacco mosaic virus (TMV) activities from Munronia unifoliolata Oliv

Five new limonoids, named munronoids K-O (1-5), together with three known limonoids were isolated from Munronia unifoliola Oliv. These limonoids were involved in the skeletons of evodulone, gedunin, and peieurianin types of limonoids, and their structures were established on the basis of spectroscopic data. Compound 5 featuring a γ-lactone ring instead of the β-substituted furan ring was found in the peieurianin type for the first time. The antitobacco mosaic virus (anti-TMV) activities of compounds 1-8 were also evaluated with half-leaf, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and Western blot methods, and limonoids 1, 5, and 8 showed stronger anti-TMV treatment activities than the positive control ningnanmycin. Six compounds (1-5 and 8) exhibited infection inhibition activities against TMV.     

水肥耦合条件下作物产量、水分利用和根系吸氮的试验研究

根据1998～2000年两年在北京市水科所永乐店节水灌溉中心开展的冬小麦、夏玉米水肥耦合的田间试验成果的分析研究表明，氮肥效益的发挥与农田水分状况密切相关，低供水水平时(本研究中为冬小麦仅灌拔节水的节水灌溉处理)，肥料的增产效益十分显著，但氮肥贡献率随施肥量的增加而呈递减的趋势。不同的分析方法都表明，在永乐店节水灌溉中心，冬小麦施尿素400 kg/hm²和200 kg/hm²两个施肥水平的试验处理所获得的水(肥)分生产率最高(在不同农田供水状况下)，由于两者的水分生产率差异不大，为提高施肥效率，建议在生产上考虑选择200 kg/hm²的施肥方案较合理。     

试论黄土区旱地土壤水资源的地带性与非地带性

土壤水资源是干旱半干旱地区重要的水资源之一。本文主要以天然草地深层土壤含水量为基础,明确了土壤水资源的地带与非地带性概念,分析了黄土区埋地土壤水分资源的地带性与非地带性分异规律。指出,在相似的植被及地形条件下,黄土高原土壤深层水分从面向北和从东向西逐渐降低以及从山顶到坡脚逐渐增大,表面出水平和垂直地带性分异规律。在相似的土壤水资源带内,土地类型、坡度及坡向等地形因素导致土壤水分的局地分异,即土壤水     

海带渣与养殖固体废弃物混合发酵产沼气试验

废弃物的高效和资源化利用是现代渔业发展面临的重要课题。该文以海带渣和养殖固废为原料开展了两相发酵产沼气效果试验研究,探讨了中温条件下(35±1℃)料液TS浓度和接种率对混合水解酸化特性以及厌氧发酵产沼气效果的影响。结果表明,海带渣与养殖固废混合水解酸化过程启动很快,第2天乙酸浓度即达到峰值,5 d后丙酸和丁酸浓度增幅较快,水解酸化过程中甲酸产量相对较低。不同TS浓度(6%、8%和10%)和不同接种率(10%、20%和30%)的料液水解3 d,乙酸的酸化度分别为42.6%、50.0%、49.8%和50.7%、44.3%、40.3%;主要有机酸(乙酸+丁酸+甲酸)的酸化度分别达到61.7%、68.7%、62.2%和69.4%、57.5%、58.0%。料液TS浓度为8%~10%、接种率为10%~20%和p H值为6.0~7.0时,海带渣与养殖固废在中温条件下混合水解2~3 d,即可获得后期发酵产沼气所需的酸化料液。此外,发酵产沼气结果表明,每天按与产沼气接种污泥质量比为1:7~1:9的比例添加酸化料液,在p H值为7.0~8.0和35±1℃的条件下厌氧发酵产沼气,产气系统启动很快,而且8~13 d即进入稳定产气阶段,产气率保持在489.4~581.5 m L/g VS,所产沼气中的甲烷体积分数达到82.7%~84.9%,而且料液不会出现酸化现象。海带渣与养殖固废混合水解酸化、批量填料发酵产沼气工艺明显提高了产气效率和系统稳定性。     

西南地区严重旱灾的人为因素初探

2009年秋季以来,我国西南地区出现了历史罕见的严重旱灾,在综合分析这次成灾自然因素的基础上,着重探讨了以生态环境变化为核心的土地利用,水土保持、矿产开发和水利水电设施等人类活动对西南地区旱灾的影响.分析认为,造成这次特大旱灾的直接原因是长达连续7个月少雨的气象干旱,但水源涵养功能较差引起的土壤和浅层地下水调控能力丧失,矿产开发破坏地质水文环境,水利设施功能减退等人类活动也在很大程度上导致了灾情加剧.只有综合考虑西南地区的特殊生态水文与地质条件,通过流域综合治理,才可以有效应对气候变化对该区水资源和区域发展造成的不良影响.     

Nitrous oxide emissions from an apple orchard soil in the semiarid Loess Plateau of China

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) fluxes from an apple orchard soil in the semiarid Loess Plateau of China were measured using static chambers from September 2007 to September 2008. In this study, three sites were selected at distance of 2.5 m (D 2.5), 1.5 m (D 1.5), and 0.5 m (D 0.5) from the apple tree row. Nitrous oxide fluxes followed seasonal pattern, with high N₂O emission rates occurring in the hot-humid summer and low rates in the cold-dry winter. Pulses of N₂O emissions occurred after nitrogen fertilizer application, summer rainfall events, and during freeze-thaw cycles. Annual average N₂O emission rates were the highest at D 0.5 site (48.2 ± 39.9 μg N₂O m⁻² h⁻¹), the lowest at D 2.5 site (31.9 ± 18.2 μg N₂O m⁻² h⁻¹), and intermediate at D1.5 site (36.8 ± 32.2 μg N₂O m⁻² h⁻¹), suggesting that N₂O emissions from the apple orchard soil increased when the chamber location was closer to the apple tree row. This may be due to the fertilization close to roots in hot and humid season. Over one third (37.1%) of the annual N₂O emission occurred in the summer. Annual N₂O emissions from the apple orchard soil averaged to 3.22 kg N₂O ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. Annual emission factor of the apple orchard from the applied fertilizer (uncorrected for background emission) was 0.658%. This value was nearly a half (53%) of the default value provided by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change for the application of synthetic fertilizers to cropland (1.25%). Therefore, the amount of N₂O emissions from the semiarid apple orchard soil could be largely overestimated if no regional-specific factor is used.