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We used a Scholander pressure chamber to assess the effects of various extraction methods under different environmental conditions on element concentrations in xylem sap of 3-year-old Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings. Sap from excised shoots contained higher element concentrations when extracted at low than at high over-pressures. When comparing plants differing in water status, we found that a high extraction over-pressure introduced a systematic error into the data. For example, in well-watered non-transpiring plants relative to unwatered transpiring plants, potassium concentrations were 70% higher in sap extracted at 0.1 MPa over-pressure, but only 10% higher in sap extracted at 1.0 MPa over-pressure. Moreover, treatment effects depended on the time of day when the sap was extracted. Increased water flux in transpiring plants relative to non-transpiring plants resulted in reduced xylem sap element concentrations when samples were collected after 9 h of transpiration, but not after 4 to 6 h of transpiration. Drought had little effect on xylem sap element concentrations, indicating that rates of element release into xylem conduits, element depletion by growing tissues, and water flow maintained a balance that may prevent nutrient stress during short-term drought. 相似文献
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Barbara Meisel Jeanne Korsman Frederik J. Kloppers Dave K. Berger 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2009,124(4):577-583
The aim of our study was to identify the causal agent of grey leaf spot disease of maize in southern Africa. Single-conidial
cultures were recovered from maize leaves with typical disease symptoms sampled from several fields in South Africa, Zambia
and Zimbabwe. Morphology, cultural characteristics, and a PCR-based test using Cercospora zeae-maydis and C. zeina-specific primer sets identified all single-conidial cultures as C. zeina. In addition, sequence alignment of DNA fragments of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1, ITS2, and the 5.8S gene)
and elongation factor 1-α grouped all cultures in the same clade as the C. zeina ex-type culture CBS 118820. To by-pass cultivation of the slow-growing fungus, a rapid method to isolate DNA directly from
lesions was successfully applied for PCR identification of C. zeina with species-specific ITS and histone primers. Koch’s postulates were fulfilled for C. zeina by artificially inoculating maize plants in a greenhouse, re-isolating conidia emerging from lesions and verifying pathogen
identity with molecular techniques. These results provide evidence that confirms the presence of C. zeina and absence of C. zeae-maydis in commercial maize plantations in southern Africa. 相似文献
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Parsons DW Li M Zhang X Jones S Leary RJ Lin JC Boca SM Carter H Samayoa J Bettegowda C Gallia GL Jallo GI Binder ZA Nikolsky Y Hartigan J Smith DR Gerhard DS Fults DW VandenBerg S Berger MS Marie SK Shinjo SM Clara C Phillips PC Minturn JE Biegel JA Judkins AR Resnick AC Storm PB Curran T He Y Rasheed BA Friedman HS Keir ST McLendon R Northcott PA Taylor MD Burger PC Riggins GJ Karchin R Parmigiani G Bigner DD Yan H Papadopoulos N Vogelstein B Kinzler KW Velculescu VE 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,331(6016):435-439
Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant brain tumor of children. To identify the genetic alterations in this tumor type, we searched for copy number alterations using high-density microarrays and sequenced all known protein-coding genes and microRNA genes using Sanger sequencing in a set of 22 MBs. We found that, on average, each tumor had 11 gene alterations, fewer by a factor of 5 to 10 than in the adult solid tumors that have been sequenced to date. In addition to alterations in the Hedgehog and Wnt pathways, our analysis led to the discovery of genes not previously known to be altered in MBs. Most notably, inactivating mutations of the histone-lysine N-methyltransferase genes MLL2 or MLL3 were identified in 16% of MB patients. These results demonstrate key differences between the genetic landscapes of adult and childhood cancers, highlight dysregulation of developmental pathways as an important mechanism underlying MBs, and identify a role for a specific type of histone methylation in human tumorigenesis. 相似文献