Effects of AMF inoculation on growth of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer seedlings and on soil structures in mycorrhizosphere

We aimed to investigate the effects of inoculating Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer seedlings with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) by examining the root colonization, plant nutrition uptake, growth characteristics, and soil aggregation of P. ginseng seedlings inoculated at the time of transplantation. At 16 weeks, the AMF spore density per 30 g of fresh mycorrhizosphere in seedlings inoculated with AMF (AMF+ seedlings) was 256.8 and that in seedlings not inoculated with AMF (AMF− seedlings) was 186.3, respectively. The colonization rate of AMF in the lateral roots of AMF+ seedlings was approximately 19% higher than that in the lateral roots of AMF− seedlings. The patterns of AMF colonization in ginseng roots were similar to those of the Paris-type mycorrhizal association. Plant growth characteristics, such as plant height, root length, leaf area, number of lateral roots, fresh weight of shoots and roots, and chlorophyll content, were significantly enhanced in AMF+ seedlings compared to AMF− seedlings. The macronutrient content (P, K, and Ca) and micronutrient content (Cu, Fe, and Zn) of both shoots and roots were also significantly higher in AMF+ seedlings compared to AMF− seedlings. Furthermore, glomalin content and soil aggregation were significantly enhanced in AMF inoculated areas. Our results indicate that AMF inoculation may enhance the growth of ginseng seedlings by improving the uptake of mineral nutrients and the soil structure in mycorrhizosphere.     

Design guidelines for the Dashilar,Beijing Open Green Space Redevelopment Project

When an urban redevelopment project is planned, the design needs to reflect the preferences of the users of the planned space. In China, however, the preferences of residents have rarely been reflected in projects dealing with public places such as open green spaces in urban settings. This paper employs three independent conjoint analyses covering components of open green space, including locational conditions, physical conditions, and greenery conditions in order to propose the most preferable design for a new open green space. The results of choice simulation showed that the users prefer the private garden style to the general public park style for the new open green space in Dashilar. Our research with three independent conjoint analyses is expected to provide specific guidelines for open green space design as a whole, which is intended to satisfy potential users of the space.     

Monoclonal antibody-based competitive ELISA for simultaneous detection of rinderpest virus and peste des petits ruminants virus antibodies

An experimental competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (morbillivirus cELISA) using a recombinant N antigen (rRPV N) expressed in a baculovirus and a ruminant morbillivirus (RPV and PPRV)-specific monoclonal antibody (P-13A9) was developed for simultaneous detection of rinderpest virus (RPV) and peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) antibodies and its diagnostic performance was evaluated. A set of known reference antisera against RPV and PPRV belonging to different lineages, experimental sera from cattle vaccinated for a RPV of Asian lineage, and field sera from cattle and sheep/goat populations known to be positive (West Africa) and negative (Korea) for RPV and PPRV were used for the evaluation. Morbillivirus cELISA results on the panel of experimental RPV and PPRV antisera showed high correlation (r=0.97) between the whole virus and the rRPV N antigens, suggesting that the rRPV N contains a ruminant morbillivirus-specific antigenic determinant recognized by the P-13A9 and it may be suitable as an ELISA antigen in place of the whole virus. Morbillivirus cELISA detected anti-RPV and anti-PPRV antibodies in all reference RPV and PPRV antisera containing VN titers >/=1:8, suggesting that the assay can simultaneously detect antibodies against RPV and PPRV. Anti-RPV antibody was detected by morbillivirus cELISA in vaccinated cattle as early as the VNT and continued to be detectable by both the cELISA and the VNT until termination of the study. When applied to field samples from Africa, morbillivirus cELISA showed good agreement with a RP cELISA kit (kappa value of 0.86) in bovine sera and with a peste des petits ruminant cELISA kit (kappa value of 0.81) in caprine/ovine sera. Usefulness of morbillivirus cELISA using the rRPV N protein was discussed.     

Development of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) procedure for the detection of baculovirus associated with white spot syndrome (WSBV) in penaeid shrimp

The causative viral agent was purified from diseased shrimp Penaeus japonicus with white spot syndrome (WSBV). Several hundred clones were obtained from libraries of the purified viral genomic DNA. According to the results of nucleotide sequence analysis, none of the WSBV clones showed considerable sequence homology with those of other known viruses, indicating that WSBV is a new virus causing a serious disease in shrimp. Based on the sequence data of WSBV genomic DNA, a pair of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers was designed. After 30 cycles of PCR amplification of viral genomic DNA extracted from WSBV, a single product of the expected size was detected. Southern blot hybridization confirmed that the amplified product was specific to the DNA of WSBV. The PCR system was able to detect 1 pg of WSBV DNA after 30 cycles, and efficiently amplify the target region of WSBV gene in the total nucleic acids extracted either from the diseased shrimp or hatchery shrimp with no signs of viral infection.     

Comparison and Analysis of QTLs,Epistatic Effects and QTLx Environment Interactions for Yield Traits Using DH and RILs Populations in Rice

Two genetic linkage maps, constructed by DH and RILs populations derived from the same parents, were carried out for the identification and comparison of QTLs controlling yield traits across different years in rice (Oryza sativa L.). A total of 194 SSR and STS markers were used in two maps, of which 114 markers were same. The distribution of Samgang allele was higher in RILs population than it in DH population. Comparing with DH population, RILs population has more lines with higher yield and wider phenotypic transgressive segression for yield traits. Although most of QTLs for the same trait were different in two populations across different years, 8 QTLs (including gwp11.1, spp5.1, spp10.1, spp11.2, ssr1.1, ssr11.1, tgw9.1 and tgw11.1) were detected over 2 yr. It is important to note that ppp10.1, spp10.1 and tgw9.1 were identified in two populations, while spp10.1 and tgw9.1 were simultaneity observed across different years. Epistatic effects were more important than additive effects for PPP, SPP, yield in DH population and TGW, yield in RILs population. Epistatic effects of DH and RILs populations were different on the same genetic background in the present study, which illuminated the QE interaction played an important role on epistatic effect. Identification and comparison of QTLs for yield traits in DH and RILs populations should provide various and more precise information. The QTLs identified in present study would be valuable in marker-assisted selection program for improving rice yield.     

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