Stress responses in adult cattle due to surgical dehorning using three different types of anaesthesia

Dehorning adult cattle is a surgical procedure causing distress of varying intensities that can be reflected in behavioural changes and alterations in plasma cortisol levels. Stress responses during the dehorning process were evaluated in 18 Red Pied cows. The cows were divided into 3 groups of six and kept in tie-stall housing. Those in the first group were dehorned under general anaesthesia (GA) induced by intravenous administration of xylazine and ketamine. The second group was dehorned under sedation and local anaesthesia (SLA) induced by intramuscular administration of xylazine and local anaesthesia with lidocaine. The third group was dehorned under local anaesthesia (LA) with lidocaine. Dehorning was performed with a foetotomy wire. Blood samples were taken 0.5 h before dehorning to determine cortisol levels, and, by means of a central venous catheter inserted into the jugular vein, during surgery at 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 h post-surgery. Concurrently, occurrence of stress behaviours was assessed. Cortisol levels were measured by enzyme immunoassay (EIA). The lowest mean peak levels of plasma cortisol (82.53 +/- 6.04 nmol l(-1)), the most rapid return of plasma cortisol levels to baseline values (1.92 +/- 1.11 h), and the lowest occurrence of stress behaviours (2.38 +/- 5.83%) were noted in the SLA group. The highest mean peak levels plasma cortisol (113.86 +/- 25.65 nmol l(-1)), the slowest return of plasma cortisol levels to baseline values (3.83 +/- 2.18 h) and the most frequent occurrence of stress behaviours (65.48 +/- 28.72%) were observed in the LA group. There were significant differences between the SLA and LA groups in peak plasma cortisol levels (p = 0.011) and in occurrence of stress behaviours (p = 0.003). Sedation induced by intramuscular administration of xylazine in conjunction with local anaesthesia with lidocaine is considered the most suitable method of anaesthesia when dehorning adult cattle. Local anaesthesia with lidocaine alone was least suitable.     

Immunopathology of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Dirofilaria immitis</Emphasis> Infection

Heartworm disease caused by Dirofilaria immitis affects canine and feline hosts, with infections occasionally being reported in humans. Studies have shown that both dirofilarial antigens and those derived from its bacterial endosymbiont Wolbachia, interact with the host organism during canine, feline and human infections and participate in the development of the pathology and in the regulation of the host’s immune response. Both innate and acquired immune responses are observed and the development of the acquired response may depend on the host and, or on its parasitological status. This review aims at illustrating current research on the role of both D. immitis and Wolbachia, in the immunology and immunopathology of dirofilariosis.     

Trichinella: differing effects of antigens from encapsulated and non-encapsulated species on in vitro nitric oxide production

Trichinellosis is a cosmopolitan zoonotic disease affecting a wide variety of animals, including man. Non-encapsulated and encapsulated species diverge with respect to their developmental strategies. Little is known at the molecular level about parasite-derived mediators responsible for host muscle cell transformation occurring during trichinellosis. In this context, host-parasite relationships in Trichinella-infected animals could be related to different host-immune and cell mediators, e.g. nitric oxide (NO). Here, we investigate the stimulatory/inhibitory role of L1 antigens from four encapsulated (T. spiralis, T. britovi, T. nelsoni and T. nativa) and one non-encapsulated (T. pseudospiralis) Trichinella species on NO production from rat macrophages in vitro. Our results demonstrate that encapsulated and non-encapsulated Trichinella species differ in their capacity to stimulate the secretion of NO from host macrophages. Biological significance of these differences should be further assessed in the available experimental models.     

Longterm investigation in an Austrian dairy herd with low prevalence of paratuberculosis detection of antibodies in blood and milk

Paratuberculosis (Johne's disease), which is widely distributed throughout the world, is caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). Diagnosis of subclinically infected cattle is challenging and is especially problematic in herds with low prevalence of MAP. The aim of this long-term study was the comparison of different diagnostic tests for MAP and specific antibodies in a herd with low prevalence of MAP. Three different commercially available serum-ELISA (Svanovir-ELISA, Svanova, Uppsala, Sweden; IDEXX-ELISA, IDEXX Laboratories, Maine, USA; Pourquier-ELISA, Institut Pourquier, Montpellier, France) and two milk ELISA (Svanovirm-ELISA Svanova, Uppsala, Sweden; Pourquier-ELISA, Institut Pourquier, Montpellier, France) were compared. Apart from these indirect diagnostic tests, two methods for the detection of the etiologic agent (bacteriologic culture and real-time PCR of faecal samples) were performed. In January 2005 the first and in April 2005 the second herd investigation of all animals older than 2 years (n=335) were carried out. Blood, milk and faecal samples were taken. From November 2005 until April 2006 follow up investigations were performed. For this purpose, blood-, milk- and faecal samples were monthly taken from 63 selected animals. The highest number of blood- and milk samples with a detectable antibody-level was found by the Svanovir-ELISA. There was a significant correlation between serum- and milk- Svanovir-ELISA results, whereas the agreement between ELISA and faecal culture/PCR was low. Significant correlations between Svanovir-serum-ELISA results and milk somatic cell counts could be registered. Moreover, there was significant agreement between IDEXX-serum-ELISA results with the age and number of lactations of the cows, as well as the mother's MAP-status.     

Assessment of a pyrogallol red technique for total protein measurement in the cerebrospinal fluid of dogs

The measurement of protein concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid is a basic analytical method in neurology. In this study, a pyrogallol red technique using a human albumin calibrator previously validated in human medicine was tested for canine samples, and the results were compared with those obtained using urine test strips. Pyrogallol red significantly (P<0.05) but moderately underestimated purified dog albumin and globulins. The imprecision of the technique was low: intra- and between-series coefficients of variation were 1.6 and 4.3 per cent at protein concentrations of about 0.3 g/litre. Over 49 samples, there was good agreement between the pyrogallol red and test strip results (r=0.63), especially for low and high protein concentrations, but misclassifications were observed with '+' test strip readings.     

Metabolic changes induced by regular submaximal aerobic exercise in meat-type rabbits

Pannon White growing rabbits (a group of 8) were exposed to treadmill exercise (3-9 m/s, 1.2-1.6 km/day) twice a day for 4 weeks, while additional 8 animals, kept inactive, were assigned as the control group. Weekly, 12 hours after exercise, venous blood was taken for serum metabolite and enzyme activity measurements. Total serum protein, albumin and creatinine levels significantly increased during the second half of the training, as compared to the control group. Triacylglycerol levels in the exercised group as compared to controls, however, were higher only after the first and the fourth weeks of the experiment. Resting non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentration of the trained rabbits was lower at the end of the trial. On the other hand, there were no significant differences, as compared to the respective controls, in serum urea, total and HDL cholesterol levels. At the end of the exercise alkaline phosphatase activity was higher and total lactate dehydrogenase activity was lower in the trained rabbits. Serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activities were not changed, while creatine kinase activity was slightly lower in the trained group. The serum cortisol concentration was not different in the trained and control rabbits.     

A novel subgroup among genotypes of equine arteritis virus: genetic comparison of 40 strains

The authors determined partial nucleic sequences of the variable regions of open-reading frame (ORF5) from 151 nucleotide to 668 nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of 518 nucleotide respectively of 20 equine arteritis virus (EAV) isolates. About 19 Hungarian and one Austrian EAV strains were subjected to sequence analysis, the further data of 20 EAV strains: six North American and 14 European were obtained from the GenBank. Comparative sequence analysis of the Hungarian EAV strains indicated that among the three variable regions the first has been affected mostly by point mutations. Genetic comparison of the Hungarian strains with other EAV isolates from western Europe and North America (including the Bucyrus reference strain) has been performed on the aforementioned genome region. Besides the already known genetic subgroups of EAV; phylogenetic analysis revealed a novel subgroup comprising mainly Hungarian strains. Compared with the Bucyrus virus, the overall sequence divergencies of the examined Hungarian strains ranged from 81.47 to 90.73% at nucleotide and from 84.88 to 91.86% at amino acid level. Epizootiological studies have shown that the significant part of the EAV strains having been existed in Hungary before and in 2000 belong to this unique cluster (II.D) which was not indicated in former phylogenetic studies. After 2000 new EAV strains emerged in Hungary, one of them causing abortions or neonatal death. The previously dominant 'Hungarian' EAV genotypes were replaced by these new strains belonging to North American and European subgroups (I.A, I.B, II.A, II.B). The anamnesis of these cases revealed connections with persistent virus shedder stallions, those were imported to the country after 2000 or have been infected abroad. One of these Hungarian stallions became the source of abortion storms in Hungarian studs.     

Feeding-unrelated factors influencing the plasma leptin level in ruminants

The triglyceride content of lipid depots associated with the current feeding level is the primary determinant of leptin gene expression and the circulating leptin level. In laboratory rodents and primates the plasma leptin is influenced also by the age, gender and physiological status (puberty, pregnancy, lactation, postpartum period), and by the health condition such as sepsis due to Gram-negative (GN) bacteria. Some pathologic conditions with intensive cytokine release evoke an increase in plasma leptin, which is thought to depress the subsequent feed intake. However, the effect of these secondary factors may be species-dependent, with still unknown clinical relevance in ruminants. In our ovine and bovine models plasma leptin increased after castration and dexamethasone treatment, decreased after experimental administration of synthetic androgens in castrated rams, but remained unchanged throughout the ovarian cycle and after ovariectomy. The circulating leptin level increased temporarily during synthetic progestin (fluorogestone) treatment in ewes, but similar changes were not seen in progesterone-supplemented ewes and norgestomet-treated cows. In a second trial on dairy cows we wanted to study whether elevated plasma leptin levels are induced by experimental endotoxin mastitis, or by natural outbreak of GN mastitis and puerperal metritis. Experimental endotoxin mastitis resulted in some-hour elevation in cortisol and insulin, with a simultaneous decrease in IGF-I and thyroid hormones. In the first 14 days of lactation GN mastitis induced the same endocrine alterations as the experimental endotoxin challenge, but in natural cases these changes varied within a wider range, and were more protracted and robust. Cows with puerperal metritis had more obvious catabolic changes in the early weeks of lactation, than their healthy counterparts. However, both mastitis and puerperal metritis failed to increase the circulating leptin level, showing that in cows the plasma leptin is not responsible for the anorexia associated with these inflammatory diseases.     

Congenital aganglionosis in a 3-day-old Holstein calf

Necropsy of a 3-day-old Holstein heifer revealed proximal megacolon and distal colorectal hypoplasia. Histologically, the hypoplastic distal colon and rectum lacked submucosal and myenteric ganglia. Clinical history, physical examination, and pathologic findings were consistent with intestinal aganglionosis, a congenital anomaly well documented in humans and foals but not previously reported in cattle.     

Pregnancy Rate in Zebu Cows with Two Different Postpartum Intervals Exposed to a Two-Bull Rotational System

In order to evaluate the reproductive effect of a rotational breeding system, the pregnancy rate of 69 Zebu cows was assessed, 32 late postpartum (211±93 days postpartum, LP) and 37 early postpartum (averaging 63±8 days after calving, EP). In the LP group, 60% (19/32) were cycling before exposure to the bulls but only 38% (14/37) in the EP group. The two groups were dissimilar from the start (p<0.05). The cows were exposed in a rotational breeding system, with six Brahman bulls with previous sexual experience paired off in three groups (A–B, C–D and E–F). The cows were exposed to each pair of bulls for a period of 3 weeks, with one week in between each period, when the females were without the presence of a male. In the LP group, the pair of bulls A–B obtained a pregnancy rate of 72% (23/32), whereas for bulls C–D the pregnancy rate was 33% (3/9) and for bulls E–F the pregnancy rate was 67% (4/6). In contrast, for the EP cows, bulls A–B obtained a pregnancy rate of 32% (12/37), bulls C–D a pregnancy rate of 67% (12/18) and for bulls E–F a pregnancy rate of 55% (6/11). The percentage pregnancy obtained using the pair of bulls A–B differed (p<0.05) between LP and EP, whereas for bulls C–D and E–F it was similar. The pregnancy rate was different (p<0.05) in the first 3 weeks of mating for the LP group, the highest number of cows becoming pregnant during the first 3 weeks of the study. In contrast, the highest number of pregnancies in EP occurred evenly during the last 6 weeks. This study suggests that the reproductive performance of pairs of bulls in a 9-week rotational programme with the overall pregnancy rate is similar (94% in the LP and 81% in the EP). However, the time taken for the females to become pregnant, and hence the performance of the bulls, is related to the average number of days postpartum for the cows.