Fimbriae and enterotoxins associated with Escherichia coli serogroups isolated from pigs with colibacillosis

A comprehensive study of 223 Escherichia coli isolates from pigs with colibacillosis included determination of O serogroups, detection of heat-labile enterotoxin, heat-stable enterotoxin (STa and STb), and identification of K88, K99, 987-P, F-41, and type 1 fimbriae. The incidence of the various E coli types among isolates of pigs of different ages was also determined. Escherichia coli bearing K88 fimbriae accounted for 48% of all isolates studied, were most often of serogroup O157, O149, or O8, and usually produced labile toxin alone or in combination with STa or STb. These E coli were commonly isolated from pigs in each age group studied (0 to 5 days, 6 to 10 days, 11 to 24 days, and greater than 24 days). Escherichia coli bearing 987-P accounted for 30% of the isolates, were most often of serogroup O141 or O20, and usually produced STa. Escherichia coli bearing K99 accounted for 13% of the isolates, usually were of serogroup O101 or O8, and almost always produced STa. Escherichia coli bearing 987-P or K99 were most often isolated from pigs less than 6 days of age. Fimbriae F-41, when identified, were usually on E coli of serotype O101:K99. Although infrequently found, type 1 fimbriae were on E coli of most of the serogroups identified in this study.     

Immunodominant antigens of zoospores from ovine isolates of Dermatophilus congolensis.

Zoospores of Dermatophilus congolensis were analysed by SDS-PAGE and western blotting. The electrophoretic profiles of zoospores from 13 isolates of D. congolensis were similar but not identical when stained with Coomassie blue or silver. Immunodominant polypeptides with apparent molecular masses of 76 and 31 kDa were identified in western blots of 13 of 13 and 12 of 13 isolates respectively of D. congolensis reacted with hyperimmune, ovine, antizoospore sera. Identical immunodominant polypeptides were observed in western blots reacted with sera obtained from naturally infected sheep. Initial characterisation of the 76 and 31 kDa polypeptides indicated that they were probably surface exposed because (i) antibodies eluted from the surface of live zoospores after adsorption of hyperimmune antizoospore serum, reacted principally against the 76 and 31 kDa subunit polypeptides in western blots, (ii) adsorption of hyperimmune antizoospore serum with live zoospores resulted in significant diminution of reactivity against both the 76 and 31 kDa polypeptides in western blots, (iii) indirect fluorescent immunostaining of zoospores with antiserum prepared against gel-purified 76 kDa polypeptide, resulted in intense staining of the zoospore outer coat. Immuno-gold electron microscopy of negatively stained zoospores with antiserum prepared against gel-purified 31 kDa polypeptide identified this antigen as a flagella subunit.     

Livestock production in central mali: Ownership,management and productivity of poultry in the traditional sector

Summary A survey of small-scale poultry production in an urban and two agro-pastoral systems covered 381 households. Less detailed information was also obtained from a small sample in a transhumant pastoral system. More households owned poultry in the rice (89·5%) than in the millet (81·1%) or urban (57·1%) systems. Domestic fowl were commonest in all systems followed by pigeons, Guinea fowl and then ducks, although the last were absent from the millet zone. Most families kept only one species but there was more diversification in the rice system. Flock sizes were largest in the rice system for fowls, Guinea fowl and pigeons while duck flocks averaged more birds in the urban area. Females predominated in all species except pigeons where sex ratios were about equal. Management practices in relation to housing, feeding, health care and consumption and marketing are described. Productivity figures relating to egg production, egg size, hatchability, growth and mortality are provided.

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Resumen Se efectuó una inspección a corta escala, de la producción de aves en un sistema urbano y dos rurales, cubriendo 381 explotaciones. Se obtuvo tambien información no muy detallada, de una muestra peque?a en un sistema pastoral transhumante. La mayoría de empresarios se encontraron en los niveles productores de arroz (89,5%), que en los de millo (81,1%) o urbanos (57,1%). La crianza de gallinas y pollos domésticos predominó sobre la de palomos, gallinetas y patos. Estos últimos no se encontraron entre los cultivadores de millo. La mayoría de familias criaba una sola especie, pero hubo más diversificación entre los cultivadores de arroz. El tama?o de las parvadas fue mayor entre los cultivadores de arroz, en lo relacionado con gallinas, gallinetas y palomos, mientras que las parvadas de patos fueron más numerosas en áreas urbanas. Las hembras predominaron en todas las especies, con la excepción de los palomos, en donde los sexos fueron iguales. Se describen las prácticas de manejo y comercialización. Tambien se dan datos de productividad en cuanto a producción de huevos, tama?o de los mismos, eclosión y mortalidad.

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Résumé Une étude de la production avicole à petite échelle dans un système urbain et dans deux systèmes agro-pastoraux a couvert 381 foyers. On a obtenu moins d’informations détaillées dans un petit échantillon d’un système pastoral transhumant. Il y a plus de foyers possèdant des volailles dans les systèmes à base de riz (89,5%) que dans ceux à base de mil (81,1%) ou urbains (57,1%). Les poules domestiques sont les plus communes dans tous les systèmes, suivies par les pigeons, les pintades et enfin les canards, bien que ces derniers soient absents dans la zone du mil. La plupart des femelles n’ont qu’une seule espèce mais il y a un peu plus de disersification dans la zone du riz. La taille des bandes est plus importante dans la zone du riz concernant les poulets, les pintades et les pigeons, tandis que les troupes de canards ont en moyenne plus d’oiseaux en zone urbaine. Dans toutes les espèces il y a prédominance des femelles, sauf pour les pigeons ou le sex-ratio est égal. Les conditions d’élevage concernant l’habitation, la nourriture, les soins de santé, la consommation et la commercialisation sont décrites. Les chiffres de productivité concernant la production d’oeufs, la taille des oeufs, la fertilité, la croissance et la mortalité sont fournis.

     

Identification of the ethylene precursor, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), in pollen

Within 15 min after application of pollen to the stigma of carnation flowers (Dianthus caryophyllus L. cultivar ‘White Sim’), ethylene (C₂H₄) production by the gynoecium had increased substantially. Pollen germination did not start until 1 h after pollination. Analysis of materials removed from pollen by a brief rinse with an aqueous solvent showed the presence of high concentrations of the C₂H₄ precursor, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC). This compound, which was found to be present in pollen from a number of flower species and which increased in concentration as the anthers developed, may be an important mediator of the early response of flowers to pollination.     

Hemochromatosis in Salers Cattle

Two 2-year-old Salers cattle from different herds raised on pasture were evaluated for retarded growth and diarrhea. Increase of liver enzyme activities and prolonged sulfobromophothalein (BSP) half life (T1/2) indicated liver disease with impaired liver function. Histopathologic examination of liver biopsies revealed a micronodular cirrhosis with marked deposition of hemosiderin in hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, and arterioles. Transferrin saturation (TS) and liver iron content were markedly increased, consistent with a diagnosis of hemochromatosis. Both animals were euthanatized due to deterioration in their condition. Necropsy findings included hepatomegaly and hemosiderin accumulation in the liver, lymph nodes, pancreas, spleen, thyroid, kidney, brain and other glandular tissue. Continued surveillance of the second herd (serum iron, total iron binding capacity [TIBC], unsaturated iron binding capacity [UIBC], and TS), identified a heifer as a hemochromatosis suspect in a subsequent generation. Liver biopsies from that animal revealed the same histopathologic changes as the previous 2 animals, and similar increases in liver iron content (8,700 ppm, normal range 45 to 300 ppm). The 3 affected cattle were all products of line breeding programs and shared a common ancestor. The absence of dietary iron loading in conjunction with the histopathologic and metabolic findings were consistent with a diagnosis of primary hemochromatosis. The reported disease is similar to idiopathic hemochromatosis in human beings in which there is a hereditary defect in iron metabolism.     

Somatosensory-evoked potential induced by stimulation of the caudal tibial nerve in awake and barbiturate-anesthetized sheep

The somatosensory-evoked potential (SEP) from caudal tibial nerve stimulation was recorded in sheep, using surgically implanted electrodes. Peak latencies of the SEP remained stable throughout the 3- to 5-month recording period. Wave-form and peak latencies from awake sheep and concomitant changes during barbiturate anesthesia were compared with those reported for other animal species, including man. Wave form components representing activities from the primary somesthetic cortex, association cortex, and non-specific diffuse projections were differentially susceptible to barbiturate anesthesia. The neural source of the initial positive peak (mean latency = 19 ms) was resistant to anesthesia and represented primary somesthetic activity of the cortex. Sheep with surgically implanted electrodes yielded stable latencies with SEP wave-form features essentially homologous to those reported for other animal species.     

Livestock production in central mali: Factors influencing growth and liveweight in agro-pastoral cattle

Data on weight and growth of indigenous African cattle under a traditional management system are reported. In semi-arid central Mali (14 degrees N, 6 degrees W) calf birth weight was 16.6 kg, growth rates to weaning at seven months averaged 185 grams per day. Cows did not reach mature weights (230 kg) until after five years of age and work oxen did not achieve a mature weight of 297 kg until after six years. Effects of season of birth were significant on growth throughout life but effects of year of birth only persisted for nine months. Parity of cow, season and year had significant influences on post-partum weight. Seasonal changes in weight were severe for both work oxen (87 to 107% of mean weight) and for cows (88 to 110%). Over a seven year study period the decline in mature weights of oxen was 4% per year equivalent to about 80 kg over the period. For cows the decline was proportionately less severe (2.7%) these animals averaging 40 kg less in 1984 than they did in 1978. The slow growth rates, low mature weights and reduction in adult size is considered to be due to chronic overstocking on already denuded feed resources and to a decline in rainfall over the period. Current research programmes aimed at finding solutions to these problems are outlined.     

The art of physical diagnosis.

Preservation of the art of physical examination of food animals is warranted because veterinarians are still asked to assess sick valuable individuals as well as sick animals that may be representative of herd or flock problems. It is very important to establish a consistent, thorough routine for physical and rectal examination to ensure that no problems are overlooked. An example of a routine for examining dairy cattle is presented, as is a sample form for recording findings.     

The rational design of the optically active wild oat herbicide L-flamprop-isopropyl

An esterase, that has been partially purified from oat tissues, catalyses the hydrolysis of the wild oat herbicide benzoylprop-ethyl and of the related esters of N-benzoyl-N-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-DL -alanine, including flamprop-methyl and flampropisopropyl. The enzyme is virtually stereospecific for the L -isomers in the racemic mixtures. Hydrolysis of flamprop-methyl in oat tissues shows similar enantiomeric discrimination, but the ethyl and isopropyl ester analogues are converted in vivo to the free acid with very little overall stereoselectivity. Oat tissues must, therefore, contain another enzyme, labile to isolation, that acts on the D -isomers of the higher esters. This was confirmed by showing that it is possible to manipulate the stereoselectivity of the de-esterification of the ethyl ester in vivo by selective inhibition of either the L -isomer pathway with paraoxon (diethyl 4-nitrophenyl phosphate), or the D -isomer route with piperonyl butoxide. The relationship of these findings to the superior herbicidal performance of the L -isomers of these esters, relative to their racemates, is discussed.     

The in vitro cytotoxicity of native and modified trichloroacetic acid-extracted antigens from Fusobacterium necrophorum for mouse peritoneal macrophages

A Boivin lipopolysaccharide-protein complex (LPS-P), Westphal LPS (W-LPS), Boivin LPS (B-LPS), and a lipid A-associated protein (LAP) were extracted from Fusobacterium necrophorum bov 5 strain and chemically analyzed for protein, total nitrogen, hydrolyzed hexosamine, and nucleic acid content. Dose and time effects on the in vitro cytotoxicity of these preparations for mouse peritoneal macrophages were determined. Macrophage monolayers were exposed to 2.0 ml of 10, 100, 250, 500, or 1000 μg/ml solutions of the individual preparations for 1, 2, 4, or 6 hr at 37°C, and relative toxicities were determined; B-LPS> LPS-P> LAP, W-LPS. The effects of heat, NaOH, and trypsin and pronase on the native antigens were determined. Heat treatment had no effect on the cytotoxicity of B-LPS, but increased the toxicity of LPS-P and LAP for macrophages. Alkaline treatment decreased the cytotoxicity of B-LPS and increased the toxicity of LPS-P and LAP for macrophages. Enzyme treatment had no effect on LPS-P toxicity. The relationship of lipid A and protein content to toxicity for macrophages is discussed. Lipid A appears to be important in the cytotoxicity of B-LPS, and the protein components of LPS-P and LAP may contribute to their toxic activity. The ability of these bacterial cellular antigens to destroy phagocytic cells may facilitate the establishment of necrotic abscesses in susceptible hosts.