不同氮素形态配比对网纹甜瓜干物质分配和氮代谢的影响

该文研究了4种氮素形态配比(NO3--N∶NH4 -N分别为100∶0,75∶25,50∶50和25∶75)对基质栽培网纹甜瓜(品种为“春丽”和“蜜玲珑”)干物质积累和氮代谢的影响。结果表明,不同氮素形态配比影响了植株各器官干重占全株干重的百分比。随氮素形态中氨态氮比例的增加,叶片中硝酸还原酶、硝酸盐含量和可溶性蛋白质含量逐渐降低,而游离氨基酸含量则在NO3--N∶NH4 -N为50∶50的处理中最高。     

日光温室甜椒有机土壤栽培试验研究

利用麦秸与玉米秸、菇渣、草坪草等农产废弃物与土壤有机肥混合配制有机土壤进行了日光温室甜椒栽培越冬生产。结果表明,不同有机化土壤处理均有促进甜椒生长,提高甜椒座果数而增产的效应,有机土壤栽培还可明显提早甜椒成熟期及提高甜椒产量。     

黄土高原人工林对区域深层土壤水环境的影响

通过对典型黄土区 1 0m土层土壤水分的分析表明 :黄土高原土壤深层具有丰富的土壤水资源 ,3～ 1 0m土层内土壤水资源从南部的 1 0 86.8mm逐渐降低到北部的 5 2 4.1mm ,各地土壤水资源量约相当于当地多年平均降水量的 2倍。在 1 0m土壤水分剖面内 ,随土层深度的变化土壤含水量具有波动性和相对稳定性的特征。以荒坡地或低产农田为对照 ,通过对比分析发现 ,黄土高原目前主要的造林树种可利用 9～ 1 0m以下土层的土壤水资源。在黄土高原半干旱气候背景下 ,人工林植被的耗水主要使黄土区中北部地区 3～ 8m土层土壤含水量降低到长期接近或低于凋萎湿度 ,形成难以恢复的深厚土壤干层。人工林大量耗水形成的难以恢复的土壤干层是黄土高原特殊的生态水文现象 ,是目前区域人工植被生态系统不稳定性的体现。同时表明 ,黄土高原营造的人工林尚不能达到涵养水源之功能。     

植物液泡中硝酸盐行为的研究概况

化学氮肥利用率低和损失严重而造成的环境污染问题是农业生态系统中氮素管理首当其冲要研究和解决的问题 ,这方面的研究工作在国内外报道浩如烟海 ,但突破性进展不多。另一方面 ,植物体内的硝酸盐含量高又严重影响农产品有关的品质性状 ,特别是我国加入WTO后蔬菜和果实中高含量的硝酸盐是影响这些产品出口的主要限制因子之一。因此 ,从植物体本身着手研究植物氮素高效利用的机理与途径 ,这是近几年来植物氮素营养研究的热点之一。植物液泡占据了成熟植物细胞体积的 90 %左右 ,而液泡和细胞质中硝酸盐的浓度通常分别在 30～ 5 0molm- 3和 3～ 5molm- 3,因此 ,如何调动植物液泡中的硝酸盐使之得到更高程度的再利用 ,这是提高植物氮素利用效率和降低植物体内硝酸盐含量的途径之一。本文综述了国内外有关液泡中硝酸盐行为的研究状况 ,在此基础上作者首次提出植物液泡中硝酸盐的内外流与植物氮素高效利用之间可能存在着密切的关系 ,旨在拓始这方面的工作能尽快开展 ,为植物氮素高效利用的分子生物学研究开辟新的研究领域。     

广西贺州地区温室内空气湿度时空变化研究

以温室为研究对象,探讨研究了晴天、阴天、雨天3种不同类型天气条件下温室内空气相对湿度与绝对湿度的日周期时空变化规律以及整个冬季空气相对湿度与绝对湿度的时空变化规律。为合理调控温室内空气湿度以控制作物病虫害、提高产量和改善品质提供科学依据。     

双氰胺对土壤酶活性的影响

本文选用沈阳市东陵区天拄山耕作棕壤,采用室内培养试验研究了双氰胺对土壤酶活性的影响情况。双氰胺对土壤中性磷酸酶活性的影响主要在培养的前20天,表现为显著的抑制作用;对土壤脲酶活性的影响主要在培养的第20、30天时表现为显著的抑制作用;对土壤过氧化氢酶活性的影响在培养的第30天时表现为显著的激活作用;对土壤转化酶活性影响不大。     

恒电荷土壤及可变电荷土壤与离子间相互作用的研究 I.共存离子对NO_3~-吸附的影响

研究了我国典型３种可变电荷土壤和４种恒电荷土壤在陪伴阳离子分别为Ｋ十、Ｎａ十、Ｃａ２＋时和１ｍｍｏｌＬ－１ＫＣ１、Ｋ２ＳＯ４支持电解质中ＮＯ３－的吸附。结果表明，ＮＯ３－吸附量随ｐＨ的增加而减小。在添加相同浓度ＮＯ３－时，３种可变电荷土壤对ＮＯ３－的吸附量顺序为Ｃａ（ＮＯ３）２＞ ＫＮＯ３＞ＮａＮＯ３＞ＫＮＯ３十ＫＣＩ＞ＫＮＯ３＋Ｋ２ＳＯ４；在初始ＮＯ３－浓度０．５－５ｍｍｏｌＬ－１的范围内，吸附量随浓度变化的关系符合Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ等温吸附式．由此求出与ＮＯ３－吸附结合能有关的常数（Ｋ）在不同共存离子存在下数值较小且差异不大，因此认为不同陪伴阳离子和不同伴随阴离子对ＮＯ３－吸附的电性机理影响不大，只是改变了土壤表面的正电荷数量从而使吸附量发生变化。４种恒电荷土壤对ＮＯ３－的吸附量通常很小，其中在Ｃａ（ＮＯ３）２介质中较在其他介质中稍大，最大吸附量仅为１．５～ｍｍｏｌ ｋｇ－１左右，约为可变电荷土壤的１／１０，且在浓度较低时常观察到负吸附。     

Feeding deterrents from Dictamnus dasycarpus Turcz against two stored-product insects

The screening for insecticidal principles from several Chinese medicinal herbs showed that the root bark of Dictamnus dasycarpus possessed significant feeding deterrence against two stored-product insects (Tribolium castaneum and Sitophilus zeamais). From the methanol extract, two feeding deterrents were isolated by bioassay-guided fractionation. The compounds were identified as fraxinellone and dictamnine from their spectroscopic data. Fraxinellone was demonstrated to possess feeding deterrent activity against adults and larvae of T. castaneum as well as S. zeamais adults with EC50 values of 36.4, 29.1, and 71.2 ppm, respectively. Dictamnine was shown to have feeding deterrent activity against adults and larvae of T. castaneum as well as S. zeamais adults with EC50 values of 57.6, 47.9, and 91.7 ppm, respectively.     

Suppressive effect of saturated acyl L-ascorbate on the oxidation of linoleic acid encapsulated with maltodextrin or gum arabic by spray-drying

6-O-Palmitoyl L-ascorbate was added to linoleic acid at various molar ratios of the ascorbate to the acid, the mixtures were emulsified with a maltodextrin or gum arabic solution, and the emulsions were spray-dried to produce microcapsules. At higher molar ratios, the oil droplets in the emulsions were smaller, and the oxidative stabilities of the encapsulated linoleic acid were higher for both the maltodextrin- and gum arabic-based microcapsules. 6-O-Capryloyl, caproyl, and lauroyl L-ascorbates, which were synthesized through lipase-catalyzed condensation in acetone, were also used for the microencapsulation of linoleic acid. Except for capryloyl L-ascorbate, the addition of a saturated acyl ascorbate, especially caproyl ascorbate, to linoleic acid was effective for preparing oil droplets of small particle diameter and for suppressing the oxidation of the encapsulated linoleic acid.     

Implication of relationships among suspended sediment size, water discharge and suspended sediment concentration: the Yellow River basin, China

According to the yearly maximum suspended sediment concentrations (SSC) in the Yellow River and its tributaries, the rivers are divided into three types of more than 300, 20–300, and less than 20 kg/m³. The middle Yellow River basin is located in the transitional zone from subhumid to semiarid climates, and covered by a thick loess mantle. Neighboring on the desert areas to the northwest, the surface material of the Loess Plateau exhibits some marked areal differentiation in grain size and forms three zones covered by sandy loess, (typical) loess and clayey loess from northwest to southeast. Controlled by these physico-geographical conditions, the grain size of river-transported sediment shows some particular characteristics; at small water discharge or SSC, the grain size of suspended sediment abruptly decreases to a minimum with increasing water discharge or SSC. At water discharge of more than ca. 40 m³/s or at SSC of more than ca. 40 kg/m³, the grain size increases with water discharge or SSC.During the low-stage season, the relatively clear baseflow may scour the coarse bed materials, so the suspended sediment is relatively coarse. In the rainy season, rainstorm runoff washes out fine loess materials to the river, making suspended sediment fine. During relatively strong rainstorms, there often occur hyperconcentrated flows at SSC of more than 300 kg/m³. The relatively coarse grains could then remain suspended in the mixture of water and fine suspended sediment.