油稻轮作制中油菜过量施硼对水稻产量的影响

在江苏丘陵地区缺硼土壤上种植油菜已广泛施用硼肥,但施用方法不当或长期过量施硼会引起土壤硼富集.本研究表明硼过量会造成油稻轮作制中水稻发生硼中毒,而造成水稻减产.引起水稻减产的土壤水溶性硼含量盆栽试验为2.68mg/kg,大田试验为1.97mg/kg.水稻分蘖期叶片含硼量可作为硼中毒的诊断指标之一,本试验中水稻发生减产时的分蘖期叶片含硼量为49.5～61.3mg/kg.     

桂林柑桔基地土壤中微量元素状况与施用微肥效应

桂林地区是我国重点新兴柑桔基地之一.通过本研究证实桂林柑桔基地分布着大面积的贫锌、含硼、钼低的土壤类型,包括:古洪积物、砂页岩、河积物、石灰岩坡积物发育的土壤,初步估计仅缺锌面积达20万亩.合理施用微量元素肥料(锌、钼、硼),一般使柑桔产量提高20%以上,果实全糖含量均有所提高(4.4-17.2%),柠檬酸略有下降或保持不变.喷施锌肥果皮变薄,可食部分增加.喷施钼肥提高果实内维生素C的含量4.70-8.40mg/100ml果汁,柑桔成熟期提早7-10天,果皮着色鲜艳.土壤有效态Mo,Zn,Co,K,Ca和Mg等元素与柑桔叶片中相应的该元素之间均呈正相关,经统计达到显著或极显著水准.因而通过叶片的分析,可以有效的估量土壤中某些营养元素的丰缺状况,为合理地科学施肥提供依据.     

黄土丘陵区不同下垫面降雨产流与蓄水窖工艺技术

在山西洪洞建立了农膜、公路、农田小路、农田下垫面产流场，对不同下垫面的降雨产流量及蓄水窖主要工艺技术体系进行了研究。结果表明：在观测的27次降雨中，在同一坡度、同一降雨量条件下，不同下垫面的产流量存在较大差异。农膜、公路、农田小路和农田下垫面的产流量分别占总降雨量的81.4％、73.6％、41.6％、2.7%。表明前三者均有较好的集水效果，而农田产流效果较差。研究提出的蓄水窖主要工艺技术体系经大面积示范收到了较好的效果。     

种植作物条件下粉砂壤质土壤水盐运移的数值模拟研究

利用大型水盐运动模拟土柱研究了在田间气候作用下作物 (小麦 玉米连茬种植 )生长对土壤水盐运移的影响。研究并建立了土壤水盐运移的数学模型 ,就模型所需的饱和导水率、水力传导度、水分特征曲线、水动力弥散系数进行了室内外测定 ,并对数学模型进行了数值求解。对四个土柱的模拟结果与实测结果进行了数据分析和对比。结果表明 :数值模拟结果和实测数据比较 ,除个别点有一定偏离之外 ,模拟计算结果与实测值拟合效果比较理想 ,说明该模型用于模拟种植作物条件下粉砂壤质土壤的水盐运移是实际可行的。     

流域侵蚀产沙的尺度变异规律研究

 侵蚀产沙的尺度变异规律,是当今土壤侵蚀研究的前沿,它涉及的研究范围广泛,小到土壤颗粒,大到全球气候变化与碳循环过程。特别是不同尺度流域之间侵蚀产沙和输移,究竟有什么样的内在联系,小流域所获得的研究成果是否能推广应用到大中流域,已成为迫切需要解决的重要科学问题。有关流域侵蚀产沙与输移过程随流域尺度复杂变化的研究,国际上刚刚开始,国内有关流域尺度研究主要涉及于水文学领域的一些尺度研究,关于流域侵蚀产沙与输移过程随流域尺度复杂变化的研究不多。作者对国外当前土壤侵蚀模型的最新进展进行了综述,并对侵蚀产沙的尺度变异规律进行了分析。由于具有GIS强大的空间数据管理和分析能力,它将在流域侵蚀产沙尺度变异这一侵蚀产沙的问题研究中发挥重要作用。     

Release and activity of allelochemicals from allelopathic rice seedlings

3-Isopropyl-5-acetoxycyclohexene-2-one-1 (1), momilactone B (2), and 5,7,4'-trihydroxy-3',5'-dimethoxyflavone (3) were isolated and identified from an allelopathic rice accession PI312777. These three compounds at low concentrations could inhibit the growth of weeds Echinochloa crusgalli and Cyperus difformis associated with rice, especially mixtures of the compounds had stronger inhibitory activity than did individual compounds. Studies with hydroponic culture, continuous root exudates trapping system (CRETS), and direct resin adsorption methods showed that a total of 7.6 n moles 1, 2, and 3 were exuded from living roots of each seedling into the environment at 10 days after seedlings were transplanted. Furthermore, 1, 2, and 3 were found in the soil growing PI312777 seedlings at day 15 after seedlings emergence and reached a total of 39.5 microg/g soil at day 30. The results indicated that PI 312777 seedlings could release sufficient quantities of 1, 2, and 3 into the environment to act as allelochemicals inhibiting the growth of associated weeds. Investigations on the distribution of 1, 2, and 3 in PI 312777 plant, and its root exudates showed that the levels of 1, 2, and 3 were significantly higher in the shoots and root exudates than in the roots, and only trace 1 was observed in the roots. The results suggest that the roots of rice seedlings are not major site of synthesis or accumulation 1, 2, and 3, but a pathway for their release into the environment. The levels of 1, 2, and 3 in the root exudates were over 2-folds higher under direct resin adsorption than under hydroponic culture and CRETS, and hence, it is the preferred method to collect and identify active allelochemicals in rice exudates in future studies on rice allelopathy.     

Soil volatile fungistasis and volatile fungistatic compounds

Fungistasis is a widespread phenomenon that can be mediated by soil microorganisms and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The relationship between soil microorganisms and VOCs is still unclear, however, and many fungistatic compounds remain to be identified. We assessed the effects of soils (soil direct fungistasis) and VOCs produced by natural soils (soil volatile fungistasis) on the spore germination of several fungi. Both strong soil direct fungistasis and soil volatile fungistasis were observed in a wide range of soils. Soil fungistasis and VOC fungistasis were significantly correlated (P<0.001). The volatile fungistatic activity of soils stopped after autoclaving. Some VOCs were identified by using solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography/mass spectrum. VOC composition and in vitro antagonism of relatively pure commercial compounds also were measured. Some VOCs, trimethylamine, 3-methyl-2-pentanone, dimethyl disulfide, methyl pyrazine, 2,5-dimethyl-pyrazine, benzaldehyde, N,N-dimethyloctylamine and nonadecane, were produced by various fungistatic soils. Moreover, antifungal activity test of above VOCs showed that trimethylamine, benzaldehyde, and N,N-dimethyloctylamine have strong antifungal activity even at low levels (4-12 mg l⁻¹).     

长江中下游地区Venlo型温室空气温湿度以及黄瓜蒸腾速率模拟研究

根据温室能量和质量平衡的物理学原理,建立了一个以温室外气候条件(太阳辐射、温度、湿度、风速等)为驱动变量,以温室结构、温室覆盖材料、温室内作物(高度、叶面积指数)为参数的温室小气候模拟模型,并利用上海Venlo型温室的三季试验数据对模型进行了检验。结果表明：模型能较好地预测中国长江中下游地区Venlo型温室内夏季和冬季空气温度、湿度以及作物蒸腾速率。模型对该地区夏干季节(2001年8月,三伏天)、夏湿季节(2002年6月下旬至7月中旬,梅雨季节)和冬季(2002年1月27日~2月5日)温室内空气温度、湿度以及作物蒸腾速率预测值与实际观测值的决定系数(R²)和标准误(SE)分别为：0.89,0.75,0.52;1.1℃,4.4%,0.040 g·m^-2·s^-1;0.80,0.84,0.77;1.5℃,4.4%,0.018 g·m^-2·s^-1;0.84,0.59,0.73;1.6℃,6.0%,0.012 g·m^-2·s^-1。该研究为进一步探讨温室环境的优化调控提供了理论依据和决策支持。     

中国北方典型地区农用地膜污染现状调查及其防治对策

通过对我国北方典型地区的调查,初步探索了该地区土壤农膜残留量和残膜特征.研究表明,河北省典型地区温室大棚、蔬菜田和作物田的农膜土壤残留量平均分别为5.629、7.369和2.822 kg·hm-2,黑龙江省典型地区温室大棚、蔬菜田和作物田残留量平均分别为4.169、3.682和2.430 kg·hm-2,各采样点之间存在着较大差异,但普遍较高,均明显高于未使用农膜的对照土壤.两地区之间除作物田的土壤农膜残留量没有明显差异外,河北地区其他两类土壤中的农膜残留量水平明显高于黑龙江地区,这种差异与各地区在农事活动及农膜使用上的差异具有一定的相关性.上述两地区土壤中残留农膜尺寸基本一致,主要集中在10～15 cm之间.该文针对我国目前农膜使用情况及其污染现状,提出了相应的防治对策.     

设施蔬菜生产节水灌溉制度研究现状及发展趋势

该文论述了节水灌溉对蔬菜生长发育的影响,评价了目前设施蔬菜生产过程中各种灌溉方式的特点和存在的问题。文中分析了设施栽培的耗水特点,指出一个良好的适于设施栽培的灌溉系统应具备的条件,在此基础上提出了对建立蔬菜生产优化灌溉制度的途径,并进行了初步的可行性分析。