结果母枝留芽量对‘美乐’葡萄萌芽特性的影响

为了探寻山西省临汾地区‘美乐’葡萄最适冬季修剪方式,试验研究单芽、双芽、三芽以及四芽修剪方式对结果母枝冬芽萌发率、结果枝率、结果系数和花序着生位置的影响。结果表明:随着结果母枝留芽量的增多,基部芽的萌芽率、结果枝率依次降低;随着结果母枝节位升高,结果系数增大,花序着生位置提高;在单、双芽修剪方式下,结果母枝有较高的萌芽率、结果枝率和结果系数;在三芽、四芽修剪方式下,结果母枝基芽萌芽率、结果系数均较低,导致结果部位上移或外移。表明临汾地区‘美乐’葡萄宜采用单、双芽修剪。     

甘蓝型油菜株高及其相关性状的主基因+多基因遗传分析

油菜株高对产量、抗逆性尤其是抗倒伏性有重要影响,适当降低株高可提高油菜抗性和收获指数进而提高产量。甘蓝型油菜(Brassica napus L.)矮秆自交系‘74-1002’具有早熟、分枝多、抗倒伏等优良性状,是进行油菜株高遗传和矮化育种的良好材料。以高秆甘蓝型油菜自交系‘HN92’为母本,‘74-1002’为父本,杂交构建6世代遗传群体(P1、P2、F1、F2、B1和B2),对6世代群体的株高及其相关性状进行度量,采用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型进行遗传分析。结果表明:株高(PH)、主花序长度(MIL)及一次有效分枝高度(VBH)均受到2对加性主基因控制,并存在加性—显性多基因效应,PH和MIL的最适遗传模型为E-0模型(MX2-ADI-ADI),VBH的最适遗传模型为E-3模型(MX2-A-AD);有效分枝节间距(IL)和有效分枝数(BN)的遗传均只受加性—显性—上位多基因控制,无主基因效应,其最适遗传模型为C-0模型(PG-ADI)。在B1、B2和F2世代中,PH的主基因+多基因遗传率最高,分别为71.22%、78.71%、81.87%;其次是VBH和MIL,分离世代主基因+多基因平均遗传率分别为57.10%和44.09%;IL和BN的遗传率偏低,3个世代主基因+多基因平均遗传率分别为15.24%和9.68%。相关性分析表明:PH与VBH、MIL和IL的相关性表现为极显著的正相关,相关系数分别为0.533、0.721和0.520。因此,在甘蓝型油菜理想株高育种进程中,在早代对株高进行选择是有效的,该研究也为后期开展株高相关性状QTL分析奠定基础,有利于加快油菜株高分子标记辅助育种进程。     

2000-2016年陈巴尔虎旗植被覆盖度时空变化遥感动态监测

为研究我国典型农牧交错区长时序地表生态变化特征,以内蒙古自治区陈巴尔虎旗为例,基于2000—2016年MODIS NDVI数据,综合应用MVC、像元二分模型、一元线性回归模型、T检验等方法,对陈巴尔虎旗植被覆盖时空变化特征进行定性定量分析。结果表明：受气候、地形、人为因素等影响,陈巴尔虎旗地区植被覆盖度呈现东高西低的空间分布特征;17年该地区的植被覆盖整体呈波动下降趋势,平均植被覆盖度由2000年的58.81%减少到2016年的48.14%;植被覆盖度减少的区域占55.66%,主要分布在宝日锡勒镇、巴彦库仁镇、鄂温克民族苏木。研究成果为定量评估区域生态变化的累积效应提供了数据支撑。     

赤泥与粉煤灰固稳疏浚底泥磷的研究

底泥疏浚是解决水体富营养化的重要举措之一,如何有效处理疏浚底泥已经成为亟待解决的难题。土地利用是有效吸纳疏浚底泥的方法之一,但却存在营养元素尤其是磷元素容易流失的问题。以铝业矿渣赤泥和煤燃烧副产物粉煤灰为原料,将其用于疏浚底泥中磷的固稳,考察了疏浚底泥的性质、固稳剂对疏浚底泥pH的影响、固稳时间以及固稳剂添加量对磷浸出量的影响。结果表明:疏浚底泥的pH随着固稳剂添加量的增加而升高,磷的浸出量随着固稳时间的延长而降低;对于掺混赤泥的疏浚底泥,磷的浸出量随着赤泥添加量的增加而增加,而对于掺混粉煤灰或赤泥与粉煤灰等量混合的疏浚底泥,磷的浸出量随着固稳剂添加量的增加而降低。粉煤灰或赤泥与粉煤灰等量混合作为固稳剂均能够有效固稳疏浚底泥中的磷。     

山地果园电动单轨运输机控制装置的设计

【目的】研制一种山地果园电动单轨运输机的控制装置,以提高单轨运输机的智能性和安全性,实现其自动控制。【方法】基于单片机、直流电动机、无线通信模块等设计蓄电池驱动的山地果园单轨运输机的控制装置,通过模拟山地果园地形,分别对控制装置的行驶速度调节、制动性能及系统功耗进行测试。【结果】电动山地果园单轨运输机的控制装置由单片机、供电单元、直流电动机、直流电动机驱动模块、制动模块、行驶速度调节模块、无线通信模块、手动控制按键及限位停车模块组成。模拟测试结果表明:单轨运输机的行驶速度可实现0.1~0.6m/s内的加减速调节控制;单轨运输机的行驶速度随着装载质量的增加而逐渐变小;当单轨运输机在39°坡下坡行驶时,通过测速电路控制电磁式失电制动器,能有效解决单轨运输机行驶速度超出安全速度的问题。经连续1个月的实际测试,限位停车控制模块能够实现单轨运输机的及时停车,其可靠性达100%,手动按键及无线遥控均能实现单轨运输机的有效控制,无线遥控最大可靠距离为450m,控制装置响应时间约为2s。【结论】所设计的控制装置运行稳定可靠,能满足单轨运输机智能性、安全性和自制性的预期设计要求。     

13种植物actin基因的密码子使用特性分析

[目的]分析13种植物actin基因的密码子组成、密码子偏性及聚类关系,了解其密码子使用模式及影响密码子使用的因素,为深入研究分子进化及物种进化提供参考.[方法]运用CodonW 1.4.4软件分析13种植物的肌动蛋白基因(actin)密码子组成及使用参数,并对影响密码子偏性的因素进行研究.应用MEGA 4.1对13条基因的CDS序列进行聚类分析,采用SPSS 20.0进行密码子偏性的聚类分析.[结果]双子叶植物中actin基因的GC含量为45.0%~51.2%、GC3s含量为36.3%~53.8%,单子叶植物中GC含量为53.0%~58.3%、GC3s含量为60.9%~75.8%;actin基因在单子叶植物中偏爱G/C结尾的密码子,双子叶植物中偏爱A/T结尾的密码子.GC和GC3s与有效密码子数(ENC)呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),相关系数均为-0.906.ENC绘图分析结果表明,actin基因密码子偏性同时受突变和选择压力影响,单子叶植物受选择压力影响的程度大于双子叶植物.基于actin基因密码子偏性的聚类将单子叶植物高粱、玉米聚为一类,水稻、大麦、竹聚为一类,8种双子叶植物聚为一类.[结论]actin基因密码子偏性与碱基组成密切相关,其密码子偏性在单、双子叶植物间存在差异,依据密码子偏性的聚类能在一定程度上反映物种间的亲缘关系.     

22个茶树品种春梢生化成分分析

连续两年对22个茶树品种春梢的一芽二叶制蒸青样,进行水浸出物、茶多酚、氨基酸、咖啡碱含量分析。结果表明,茶多酚含量品种间差异极显著,氨基酸含量年份间差异极显著,咖啡碱含量年份间差异显著、品种间差异极显著,水浸出物含量与茶多酚含量呈正相关。茶树体内生化成分含量因品种不同而不同外,还随气候条件的不同而变化。     

茶树叶绿素测定方法的比较研究

为了探讨适合茶树大量样本叶绿素含量测定的方法,本试验综合植物叶绿素的测定方法,以丙酮研磨法为对照,使用浸提法设置6种提取液(95%乙醇、80%丙酮、丙酮∶乙醇=2∶1、丙酮∶乙醇=1∶2、丙酮∶乙醇=1∶1、丙酮∶乙醇∶水=4.5∶4.5∶1)进行浸提效果试验,并对提取液进行光稳定试验。结果表明:以丙酮∶乙醇=1∶2的提取效果好,光稳定性也较好;丙酮∶乙醇=2∶1、丙酮∶乙醇=1∶1的次之;单一溶剂以95%乙醇浸提效果较好。表明测定茶树大量样本的叶绿素宜选用丙酮∶乙醇为1∶2的混合液法,该方法操作简便、稳定性好;考虑环保因素,则以95%乙醇溶剂浸提法较好。     

Comparative Studies on the Characteristic Fatty Acid Profiles of Four Different Chinese Medicinal Sargassum Seaweeds by GC-MS and Chemometrics

Sargassum seaweeds produce abundant biomass in China and have long been used as herbal medicine and food. Their characteristic fatty acid (FA) profiles and related potential function in promoting cardiovascular health (CVH) have not been systematically investigated. In this study, FA profiles of four medicinal Sargassum were characterized using GC-MS. Principal component analysis was used to discriminate the four medicinal Sargassum, and orthogonal projection to latent structures discriminant analysis was carried out between the two official species HAI ZAO and between the two folk medicine species HAI QIAN. In all of the algae investigated, the major SFA and MUFA were palmitic and stearic acid, respectively, while the major PUFAs were linoleic, arachidonic, and eicosapentaenoic acid. S. fusiforme and S. horneri had higher concentrations of PUFAs. With respect to CVH, all of the studied species, particularly S. fusiforme, exhibited satisfactory levels such as PUFA/SFA ratio and n-6/n-3 ratio. Each species possesses a unique FA profile and is discriminated clearly. Potential key FA markers (between the two Chinese official species, and between the two folk species) are assessed. The study provides characteristic fatty acid profiles of four Chinese medicinal Sargassum and their related potential function in promoting CVH.     

Molecular characterization and quantification of the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor in turbot (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Scophthalmus maximus</Emphasis>)

Molecular cloning, characterization, and functional analysis of follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) in female turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) were evaluated. Results showed that the full-length FSHR cDNA was 3824 bp long and contained a 2202 bp open reading frame that encoded a mature protein of 733 amino acids (aa) and a signal peptide of 18 aa. Multiple sequence analyses showed that turbot FSHR has high homology with the corresponding genes of other teleosts and significant homology with that of Hippoglossus hippoglossus. Turbot FSHR has the typical structural architecture of glycoprotein hormone receptors consisting of a large N-terminal extracellular domain, seven transmembrane domains and short C-terminal intracellular domain. FSHR mRNA was found to be abundant in the ovaries, but deficient in eyes, intestine, brain, muscle, gills, spleen, stomach, heart and kidney. Furthermore, FSHR mRNA was found to increase gradually from pre-vitellogenesis to migratory nucleus stages, with the highest values observed during the late vitellogenesis stage of the reproductive cycle. However, FSHR mRNA was found to decrease dramatically during the atresia stage. Meanwhile, functional analysis with HEK293T cells continual expressing FSHR demonstrated that FSHR was specifically stimulated by ovine FSH, but not ovine LH. These results indicate that turbot FSHR is mainly involved in the stimulation of vitellogenesis, regulation of oocyte maturation as well as promotion of ovarian development via specific ligand binding. These findings open doors to further investigation of physiological functions of FSHR, which will be valuable for fish reproduction and broodstock management.