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51.
Keiji Nakamura Tomoko Kohda Kaoru Umeda Hideyuki Yamamoto Masafumi Mukamoto Shunji Kozaki 《Veterinary microbiology》2010,140(1-2):147-154
Clostridium botulinum types C and D are related to avian and mammalian botulism. Bovine botulism occurred at various farms from 2004 to 2007 in Japan. Since culture supernatants of isolates from cases of bovine botulism were neutralized completely and partially with type D and C antitoxins, respectively, we attempted to confirm the nucleotide sequences of the neurotoxin gene in isolates. The neurotoxin gene comprised two-thirds of the type D neurotoxin gene and one-third of the type C neurotoxin gene, indicating that the neurotoxin of bovine isolates is a mosaic of type D and C neurotoxins, D/C mosaic neurotoxin. We prepared four sets of primers to differentiate the genes of the mosaic and authentic forms with PCR. The results showed that all bovine botulism-related isolates possess the gene for the D/C mosaic form. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis demonstrated that isolates from bovine botulism which had occurred between 2004 and 2007 were genetically homologous, except for the isolate from one area. We further examined the biological and antigenic properties of the D/C mosaic neurotoxin, which was found to exhibit the highest lethal activity in mice compared with other types of neurotoxins. In the D/C mosaic neurotoxin, three epitopes recognized by monoclonal antibodies that specifically react to and neutralize the toxin were located in the carboxyl-terminal domain of the heavy chain. These results indicate that D/C mosaic neurotoxin is a pathogenic agent causing bovine botulism and has unique characteristics different from other type C and D neurotoxins. 相似文献
52.
Arimune Munakata Masafumi Amano Kazumasa Ikuta Shoji Kitamura Katsumi Aida 《Fisheries Science》2012,78(1):81-90
The involvement of testosterone (T), estradiol-17β (E2), 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT), 17,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnene-3-one (DHP), luteinizing hormone (LH), thyroxine (T4), and triiodothyronine (T3) in the regulation of downstream and upstream movement (swimming behavior) was investigated in land-locked sockeye salmon
Oncorhynchus nerka, using an artificial raceway. During the downstream migratory period, T implant resulted in high plasma T levels and inhibited
the occurrence of downstream swimming behavior (negative rheotaxis) in yearling (1+) immature smolts. In terms of upstream
behavior, 2-year-old (2+) males exhibited high plasma T and 11-KT levels, while 2+ females had elevated T and DHP levels.
In 1+ immature fish, a T implant induced upstream swimming behavior (positive rheotaxis). In experiments 1 and 3, the plasma
T4 and T3 levels of non-migrants tended to be higher than those of migrants. In contrast, no marked changes in plasma and pituitary
LH were found in both downstream and upstream migrants. These results suggest that sex steroids, such as T, play significant
roles in the regulation of downstream and upstream swimming behaviors in land-locked sockeye salmon. 相似文献
53.
Gossypol, a polyphenolic aldehyde found in cottonseed, has been shown to perturb steroidogenesis in granulosa and luteal cells of rats, pigs and cattle. However, little is known about the direct effect of gossypol on theca cell functions in any species. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of gossypol on the steroidogenesis and the expression of genes involved in it in cultured bovine theca cells. Theca cells were isolated from healthy preovulatory follicles and were cultured in the presence of luteinizing hormone (LH) for up to 7 days. During the culture period, main steroid products of the theca cells shifted from androstenedione (A4) at day 1 to progesterone (P4) from day 2 onward. At days 1 and 7, theca cells were treated with gossypol (0‐25 μg/mL) for 24 h. Gossypol inhibited LH‐stimulated theca cell A4 and P4 production in a dose‐dependent manner at both occasions. The viability of theca cells was not affected by gossypol at any doses used. Gossypol down‐regulated expressions of steroidogenic enzymes CYP11A1, HSD3B1 and CYP17A1, but not that of LHR. These results indicate that gossypol inhibits thecal steroidogenesis through down‐regulating gene expressions of steroidogenic enzymes but without affecting cell viability in cattle. 相似文献
54.
Masafumi Shimizu Akane Meguro Sachiko Hasegawa Tomio Nishimura Hitoshi Kunoh 《Journal of General Plant Pathology》2006,72(6):351-354
Of 82 strains of endophytic actinomycetes isolated from rhododendron plants, 12 were not antagonistic against Pestalotiopsis sydowiana, which is the causal agent of Pestalotia disease. Of these 12, MBR-37 and MBR-38 (identified as Streptomyces spp.) grew on IMA-2 medium. Tissue-cultured seedlings of rhododendron treated with these nonantagonistic strains showed less
wilting and/or smaller lesions to P. sydowiana, although the degree of resistance was a little lower than that conferred by antagonistic Streptomyces galbus strain R-5. These seedlings accumulated the anthocyanin(s), suggesting that resistance induced by these strains could depend
on activated defense responses associated with the phenylpropanoid pathway rather than with antibiosis. 相似文献
55.
Masahito WATANABE Mirina KOBAYASHI Masaki NAGAYA Hitomi MATSUNARI Kazuaki NAKANO Miki MAEHARA Gota HAYASHIDA Shuko TAKAYANAGI Rieko SAKAI Kazuhiro UMEYAMA Nobuyuki WATANABE Masafumi ONODERA Hiroshi NAGASHIMA 《The Journal of reproduction and development》2015,61(3):169-177
Monomeric Plum (Plum), a far-red fluorescent protein with photostability and photopermeability, is potentially suitable for in vivo imaging and detection of fluorescence in body tissues. The aim of this study was to generate transgenic cloned pigs exhibiting systemic expression of Plum using somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) technology. Nuclear donor cells for SCNT were obtained by introducing a Plum-expression vector driven by a combination of the cytomegalovirus early enhancer and chicken beta-actin promoter into porcine fetal fibroblasts (PFFs). The cleavage and blastocyst formation rates of reconstructed SCNT embryos were 81.0% (34/42) and 78.6% (33/42), respectively. At 36–37 days of gestation, three fetuses systemically expressing Plum were obtained from one recipient to which 103 SCNT embryos were transferred (3/103, 2.9%). For generation of offspring expressing Plum, rejuvenated PFFs were established from one cloned fetus and used as nuclear
donor cells. Four cloned offspring and one stillborn cloned offspring were produced from one recipient to which 117 SCNT embryos were transferred (5/117, 4.3%). All offspring exhibited high levels of Plum fluorescence in blood cells, such as lymphocytes, monocytes and granulocytes. In addition, the skin, heart, kidney, pancreas, liver and spleen also exhibited Plum expression. These observations demonstrated that transfer of the Plum gene did not interfere with the development of porcine SCNT embryos and resulted in the successful generation of transgenic cloned pigs that systemically expressed Plum. This is the first report of the generation and characterization of transgenic cloned pigs expressing the far-red fluorescent protein Plum. 相似文献
56.
A promising strain of endophytic <Emphasis Type="Italic">Streptomyces</Emphasis> sp. for biological control of cucumber anthracnose 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Masafumi Shimizu Sachiko Yazawa Yusuke Ushijima 《Journal of General Plant Pathology》2009,75(1):27-36
In a survey for effective biocontrol agents of Colletotrichum orbiculare, causal agent of cucumber anthracnose, 43 (MBCu series) and 135 (MBPu series) endophytic actinomycete strains were recovered
from surface-sterilized organs of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) and pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) plants, respectively. The strains were cultured with C. orbiculare on IMA-2 agar medium to determine their in vitro antagonistic ability. Eleven strains that strongly inhibited hyphal growth
of the pathogen were selected as potent antagonists. Detached cotyledons of cucumber were soaked in a spore suspension of
an antagonistic strain 1 day before challenge-inoculation with the pathogen, and six of these antagonists (MBCu-32, 36, 42,
45, and 56, and MBPu-75) significantly reduced the number and size of the lesions on the cotyledons compared to the untreated
control. In the same way, these six strains inhibited lesion development on attached leaves of 3-week-old cucumber seedlings.
Strain MBCu-56, the most suppressive of the strains, was selected for further tests. Its suppressiveness increased as concentrations
increased; pretreatment of leaves with the strain at 107, 108 and 109 cfu/ml suppressed disease by 72, 79 and 93%, respectively. These results strongly indicated that MBCu-56 has strong potential
for controlling cucumber anthracnose. Based on the taxonomic characteristics and 16S rDNA sequence, MBCu-56 was identified
as Streptomyces sp. With scanning electron microscopy, the substrate mycelia of the strain were seen to colonize the surface of leaves above
the cuticle. Some hyphae also penetrated and grew underneath the cuticle. 相似文献
57.
Masafumi Amano Noriko Amiya Takehiko Yokoyama Yoko Takakusaki Hiroyuki Minakata 《Fisheries Science》2011,77(6):953-959
We have developed a time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay (TR-FIA) for octopus gonadotropin-releasing hormone (oct-GnRH) to determine
the profiles of oct-GnRH peptide levels in cephalopods. The sensitivity and the intra-assay and inter-assay coefficients of
variation were 4.9 pg/well and 6.8 (n = 10) and 2.7% (n = 5), respectively. Anti-oct-GnRH antibody was tested on all known forms of GnRH and found to cross-react with lamprey GnRH-II
(27.1%), annelid GnRH (3.36%), tunicate GnRH-I (0.92%), dogfish GnRH (0.51%), and scallop Patinopecten yessoensis GnRH (0.05%). The displacement curve obtained for serially diluted brain extracts of three cephalopods, the spear squid Loligo bleekeri, swordtip squid Loligo edulis, and North Pacific giant octopus Octopus dofleini, paralleled the oct-GnRH standard curve. The presence of oct-GnRH in the central nervous system (CNS) of these cephalopods
was further examined by a combination of reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography and oct-GnRH TR-FIA. CNS extracts
from these cephalopods showed peaks with retention times similar to that of synthetic oct-GnRH. These results indicate that
this novel oct-GnRH TR-FIA is widely applicable for oct-GnRH measurement in cephalopods. 相似文献
58.
The existence of a food-entrainable circadian oscillator (FEO) was examined in goldfish Carassius auratus. Single goldfish were exposed to light–dark (LD) 12:12 (lights on 06:00–18:00 h) and fed at 12:00 h (phase I). The photoperiod
regime was shifted to constant light (LL) (phase II). The fish were then fed at 06:00 or at 18:00 h (phase III), and all fish
were fasted (phase IV). In both groups, three out of eight fish exhibited food-anticipatory activity (FAA) in phases II and
III, the free-running period (τ) of locomotor activity was approximately 24.0 h, and circadian rhythms of locomotor activity started to free-run from the
previous FAA in phase IV, indicating the existence of an FEO. Next, single goldfish were exposed to LD 12:12 and were fed
twice daily at 12:00 and 00:00 h (phase I). The photoperiod regime was shifted to LL (phase II), and the fish were fasted
(phase III). In phase II, FAA was observed in three out of six fish for both feeding times. In phase III, a circadian rhythm
of locomotor activity was observed in five fish, and circadian rhythms started to free-run from the previous feeding time
(either 12:00 or 00:00 h) in three fish. These results suggest that individual goldfish can remember two daily feeding times. 相似文献
59.
Hiroshi Aiki Katsuhiko Takayama Takashi Tamaru Nobuhiro Mano Masafumi Shimada Hiroshi Komaki Hitomi Hirose 《Fisheries Science》2009,75(4):903-908
The Japanese eight-barbel loach Lefua echigonia, which is a freshwater fish native to Japan, is distributed from the Tohoku to Kinki districts and is divided into six regional
populations according to mtDNA analysis. In this study, we investigated L. echigonia collected from several locations in Yamagata Prefecture and neighboring prefectures using mtDNA control region sequences
and confirmed the spatial distribution pattern among the new regional population (Yamagata population). The new population
was limited to the Mogami river system in the inland area of Yamagata Prefecture and is distinguished from other regional
populations by high sequence divergences. 相似文献
60.
WanXue Bao Takuya Nagasaka Shin Inagaki Sho Tatebayashi Iori Imazaki Shin-ichi Fuji Takashi Tsuge Masafumi Shimizu Koji Kageyama Haruhisa Suga 《Plant pathology》2020,69(5):901-910
Fusarium fujikuroi, the causative agent of bakanae disease in rice, produces many kinds of secondary metabolites. Recently, two phylogenetic subgroups (F and G groups) of Japanese F. fujikuroi have been identified and found to have differences in their gibberellin (GA) and fumonisin production. G-group F. fujikuroi produces large amounts of GA, but is a fumonisin nonproducer. F-group produces large amounts of fumonisin, but is a GA low or nonproducer. We investigated the cause of low GA production in the F-group. Genetic mapping suggests that low GA production in the F-group strain Gfc0825009 is due to a GA gene cluster for GA biosynthesis. Analysis of the nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the genes in the GA gene cluster showed >98.4% homology between the F-group strain Gfc0825009 and the G-group strain Gfc0801001. Following a 7-day culture under low nitrogen conditions, we found that expression of P450-1, P450-4, and P450-2 in the cluster increased in the G-group strain and not in the F-group strain. We hypothesized that complementation by GA genes in the G-group strain would be required to increase GA production in the F-group strain. However, we found that this occurred with a single gene complementation of DES, P450-1, P450-4, or P450-2. Simultaneous increase in the expression of P450-1, P450-4, and P450-2 were detected in the complementary transformants. Moreover, the same phenomenon was observed by reintegration of its own P450-1. Our results suggest the presence of unknown regulatory mechanisms of the GA gene cluster in F. fujikuroi. 相似文献