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81.
In this review, starch behavior is described from molecules in solution to the use of starch in products. The determination of molecular characteristics with asymmetrical flow field‐flow fractionation is described, and the behavior of starch in binary solutions is discussed. The organization of starch in granules and the changes in organization during gelatinization and retrogradation are then described. The role of starch retrogradation in bread staling is described in some detail, and the influence of water mobility and distribution is discussed in relation to amylopectin retrogradation. Finally, the use of starch as emulsifier is described. Hydrophobically modified starch is one possibility for emulsion stabilization; also, the starch granule as such can be used to stabilize emulsions (so‐called Pickering emulsions). 相似文献
82.
Carol Kälin Anna Berlin Agnese Kolodinska Brantestam Mukesh Dubey Anna-Kerstin Arvidsson Paul Riesinger Malin Elfstrand Magnus Karlsson 《Plant pathology》2022,71(7):1570-1578
The oomycete pathogen Aphanomyces euteiches causes root rot in various legume species. In this study we focused on A. euteiches causing root rot in pea (Pisum sativum), thereby being responsible for severe yield losses in pea production. We aimed to understand the genetic diversity of A. euteiches in Europe, covering a north-to-south gradient spanning from Sweden, Norway and Finland to the UK, France and Italy. A collection of 85 European A. euteiches strains was obtained, all isolated from infected pea roots from commercial vining pea cultivation fields. The strains were genotyped using 22 simple-sequence repeat markers. Multilocus genotypes were compiled and the genetic diversity between individual strains and population structure between countries was analysed. The population comprising strains from Italy was genetically different and did not share ancestry with any other population. Also, strains originating from Finland and the eastern parts of Sweden were found to be significantly different from the other populations, while strains from the rest of Europe were more closely related. A subset of 10 A. euteiches strains from four countries was further phenotyped on two susceptible pea genotypes, as well as on one genotype with partial resistance towards A. euteiches. All strains were pathogenic on all pea genotypes, but with varying levels of disease severity. No correlation between the genetic relatedness of strains and virulence levels was found. In summary, our study identified three genetically distinct groups of A. euteiches in Europe along a north-to-south gradient, indicating local pathogen differentiation. 相似文献
83.
84.
Soderblom LA Anderson RC Arvidson RE Bell JF Cabrol NA Calvin W Christensen PR Clark BC Economou T Ehlmann BL Farrand WH Fike D Gellert R Glotch TD Golombek MP Greeley R Grotzinger JP Herkenhoff KE Jerolmack DJ Johnson JR Jolliff B Klingelhöfer G Knoll AH Learner ZA Li R Malin MC McLennan SM McSween HY Ming DW Morris RV Rice JW Richter L Rieder R Rodionov D Schröder C Seelos FP Soderblom JM Squyres SW Sullivan R Watters WA Weitz CM Wyatt MB Yen A Zipfel J 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,306(5702):1723-1726
The soils at the Opportunity site are fine-grained basaltic sands mixed with dust and sulfate-rich outcrop debris. Hematite is concentrated in spherules eroded from the strata. Ongoing saltation exhumes the spherules and their fragments, concentrating them at the surface. Spherules emerge from soils coated, perhaps from subsurface cementation, by salts. Two types of vesicular clasts may represent basaltic sand sources. Eolian ripples, armored by well-sorted hematite-rich grains, pervade Meridiani Planum. The thickness of the soil on the plain is estimated to be about a meter. The flatness and thin cover suggest that the plain may represent the original sedimentary surface. 相似文献
85.
Malin E Jonsson Erik Eriksson Sofia Boqvist Anne Margrete Urdahl Anna Aspán 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》2009,51(1):43