生态学中关键种与物种重要性的概念(英文)

在本文中,对关键种的概念进行了讨论,并介绍了关键种的典型特征及其在群落和生态系统中的判别。在对关键种的研究基础上,首次提出了物种重要性(SI)概念。物种重要性可以简单地理解为生态系统中物种的重要值,它由三个指数构成,即物种结构重要值(SIV)、功能重要值(FIV)和动态重要值(DIV)。本文同时评价了三大硬阔森林生态系统中乔木树种的物种重要性。     

Fine roots refilling process in an artificial gap in a Picea mongolica forest

Picea mongolica is an endemic but endangered species in China. The spruce forest is only found in sandy forest-steppe ecotones. In this study, we examined the initial response of the quantity and refilling process of fine roots in an artificial canopy gap with a diameter of 36 m in a P. mongolica forest. Under the canopy, the fine root length densities of trees, shrubs and herbs were 2,622, 864 and 3,086 m·m–2, respectively. The fine root biomass of trees, shrubs and herbs were 148, 62 and 65 g·m–2, respect...     

Studies on the population frequency of insects and mites causing galls on the leaves of the sycamore maple<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Acer pseudoplatanus</Emphasis> L. in southern Poland

Species composition of galls on the leaves of Acer pseudoplatanus L. was analysed in 2002 in three localities: the Wolski Forest, near an urban agglomeration of Kraków, the Ojców National Park and the Andrychów Forest District. A total of 12,013 galls were found. The galls were caused by six insect or mite species. The species composition of the galls was identical in the three localities. Artacris cephaloneus (Nalepa) was the most abundant species. The index of occurrence frequency and Agrells index of species co-occurrence were calculated. The index of occurrence frequency (F) value was highest in the case of A. cephaloneus (1.277) and the lowest value, i.e. 0.00005—both from the Wolski Forest. The highest value for Agrells index of species co-occurrence, i.e. 0.900, was found in the case of Eriophyes pseudoplatani Corti and Drisina glutinosa Giard (Ojców National Park), and the lowest,0.050, for D. glutinosa and Coptophylla gymnaspis (Nalepa) (Wolski Forest; Andrychów FD) and for D. glutinosa and Dasineura irregularis (Bremi) (Andrychów FD).     

长白落叶松地理变异与种源区的划分

通过长白落叶松种源试验的结果,揭示了长白落叶松的地理变异规律与模式。主要特点是:呈现纬向为主,经向为辅,经纬双重正向的渐变模式。影响长白落叶松地理变异的主导气候因子是温度,其次为水份。利用长白落叶松种源生长与其环境因子线性相关显著的性状,采用主分量分析方法,将长白落叶松划分成四大种源区,即白刀山种源区(编号Ⅰ)、小北湖种源区(编号Ⅱ)大石头种源区编号(Ⅲ)、和白河种源区(编号Ⅳ)。     

竹类植物花粉的生活力和自然授粉

对12种开花竹类植物花粉的败育、生活力和自然授粉进行了观察和试验研究，花药和花粉在离体后生活力保存时间较短，尤其是离体花粉的生活力在1－2h会丧失贻尽，适宜竹花粉萌发的培养液的10％蔗糖液，若再加入5ppm硼酸能明显提高花粉发芽率。篌竹和斑苦 花分别属于花药合并粘连和无花粉的二类雄性不育型，其余10个竹种的花粉中均有三种类型的败育花粉，低温、干旱等不育环境使竹花粉发育受阻，不育花粉率增高，竹花的自然授粉不良，在盛花的竹株上接受不到花粉的竹花占33．3％，在部分开花的竹株上花粉自然授粉率公10％。     

临夏州云杉苗圃病虫害及天敌调查研究

对临夏州云杉苗圃病虫害种类、分布、危害及天敌情况进行了全面调查,初步查清了临夏州云杉苗圃主要发生的病虫害种类和天敌种类,在此基础上提出了当前云杉产业中病虫害防治的主要对象。     

祁连山不同植被类型土壤微生物群落多样性差异

土壤微生物是土壤生态系统的重要组成部分,在生态系统物质循环和能量转化中占有重要的地位。以祁连山中段不同海拔的4种植物群落,即垫状植被(cushion plants,CP)、高寒草甸(alpine meadow,AM)、沼泽化草甸(swamp meadow,SM)和高寒灌丛(alpine shrub,AS)作为实验样地,采用BIOLOG技术,探讨了土壤微生物群落多样性在不用海拔梯度形成的植被条件下的变化特征。结果表明,反映微生物活性的平均颜色变化率(average well color development,AWCD)的大小顺序为:沼泽化草甸高寒草甸高寒灌丛垫状植被,沼泽化草甸土壤微生物群落代谢活性最高;高寒草甸和沼泽化草甸土壤微生物群落碳源利用模式相似,土壤微生物群落的Shannon-Wiener物种丰富度指数(H)与土壤有机碳和全氮显著相关(P0.05),Simpson优势度指数(D)和Mc Intosh指数(U)与土壤全氮显著相关(P0.05);冗余分析表明,土壤有机碳、p H和全氮可能是土壤微生物利用碳源的控制因子。研究结果为进一步探讨高寒草甸与土壤微生物之间的关系奠定了基础。     

Pharmacokinetics of cefquinome in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) after a single intramuscular or intraperitoneal administration

The pharmacokinetics of cefquinome was studied in plasma after a single dose (10 mg/kg) of intramuscular (i.m.) or intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration to tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in freshwater at 30 °C. Ten fish per sampling point were examined after treatment. The data were fitted to two‐compartment open models following both routes of administration. The estimates of total body clearance (CL/F), volume of distribution (Vd/F), and absorption half‐life (T_1/2ka) were 0.049 and 0.037 L/h/kg, 0.41 and 0.33 L/kg, and 0.028 and 0.035 h following i.m. and i.p. administration, respectively. After i.m. injection, the elimination half‐life (T_1?2β) was calculated to be 5.81 h, the maximum plasma concentration (C_max) to be 49.40 μg/mL, the time to peak plasma cefquinome concentration (T_max) to be 0.14 h, and the area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC) to be 204.6 μg h/mL. Following i.p. administration, the corresponding estimates were 6.05 h, 44.39 μg/mL, 0.17 h and 267.8 μg h/mL. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of cefquinome, determined for 30 strains of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from diseased tilapia, ranged from 0.015 to 0.12 μg/mL. Results from these studies support that 10 mg cefquinome/kg body weight daily could be expected to control tilapia bacterial pathogens inhibited in vitro by a minimal inhibitory concentration value of ≤2 μg/mL.     

Pharmacology of topical prostaglandin F2α analogs and their place in the treatment of glaucoma in small animals

A distinguishing feature of the most common types of glaucoma is an increased intra‐ocular pressure (IOP), which has a damaging effect on optic nerve axons, leading to the progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells. Therefore, IOP‐lowering medications are the mainstay of glaucoma therapy. Topical prostaglandin F₂α analogs (PGAs) are a relatively new class of ocular hypotensive drugs, which have made a huge impact on the treatment of glaucoma in dogs. This study summarizes the current state of knowledge on the mechanism of action of these agents and their effect on IOP in dogs and cats. It also discusses potential harmful side effects of PGAs and presents contemporary opinions about their role and place in the medical management of glaucoma in small animals.