运用PLS算法由HJ-1A/1B遥感影像估测区域小麦实际单产

为进一步提高遥感估产精度,显示国产影像在农业估产中的应用效果。该研究以2010-2013年HJ-1A/1B影像为遥感数据,分析了卫星遥感变量与小麦实际单产的定量关系,运用偏最小二乘回归算法构建及验证了以实际单产为目标的多变量遥感估产模型,并制作了小麦实际单产空间等级分布图。研究表明:实际单产与所选用的大多数遥感变量间关系密切,且多数遥感变量两两间具有严重的多重相关关系;实际单产偏最小二乘回归模型的最佳主成分为5,且植被衰减指数、绿色归一化植被指数、调整土壤亮度的植被指数、比值植被指数和归一化植被指数为实际单产遥感估测的敏感变量;建模集和验证集实际单产估测模型的决定系数分别为0.74和0.70,均方根误差分别为754.05和748.20 kg/hm2,相对误差分别为11.5%和8.88%,且估测精度比线性回归算法分别提高20%以上和40%以上,比主成分分析算法分别提高18%以上和30%以上,说明偏最小二乘回归算法模型估测区域实际单产的效果要明显好于线性回归和主成分分析算法,该模型应用结果与小麦实际单产区域分布情况相符合,为提高区域小麦实际单产的遥感估测精度提供了一种途径。     

Comparisons of energy balance and evapotranspiration between flooded and aerobic rice fields in the Philippines

The seasonal and annual variability of sensible heat flux (H), latent heat flux (LE), evapotranspiration (ET), crop coefficient (K_c) and crop water productivity (WP_ET) were investigated under two different rice environments, flooded and aerobic soil conditions, using the eddy covariance (EC) technique during 2008-2009 cropping periods. Since we had only one EC system for monitoring two rice environments, we had to move the system from one location to the other every week. In total, we had to gap-fill an average of 50-60% of the missing weekly data as well as those values rejected by the quality control tests in each rice field in all four cropping seasons. Although the EC method provides a direct measurement of LE, which is the energy used for ET, we needed to correct the values of H and LE to close the energy balance using the Bowen ratio closure method before we used LE to estimate ET. On average, the energy balance closure before correction was 0.72 ± 0.06 and it increased to 0.99 ± 0.01 after correction. The G in both flooded and aerobic fields was very low. Likewise, the energy involved in miscellaneous processes such as photosynthesis, respiration and heat storage in the rice canopy was not taken into consideration.Average for four cropping seasons, flooded rice fields had 19% more LE than aerobic fields whereas aerobic rice fields had 45% more H than flooded fields. This resulted in a lower Bowen ratio in flooded fields (0.14 ± 0.03) than in aerobic fields (0.24 ± 0.01). For our study sites, evapotranspiration was primarily controlled by net radiation. The aerobic rice fields had lower growing season ET rates (3.81 ± 0.21 mm d⁻¹) than the flooded rice fields (4.29 ± 0.23 mm d⁻¹), most probably due to the absence of ponded water and lower leaf area index of aerobic rice. Likewise, the crop coefficient, K_c, of aerobic rice was significantly lower than that of flooded rice. For aerobic rice, K_c values were 0.95 ± 0.01 for the vegetative stage, 1.00 ± 0.01 for the reproductive stage, 0.97 ± 0.04 for the ripening stage and 0.88 ± 0.03 for the fallow period, whereas, for flooded rice, K_c values were 1.04 ± 0.04 for the vegetative stage, 1.11 ± 0.05 for the reproductive stage, 1.04 ± 0.05 for the ripening stage and 0.93 ± 0.06 for the fallow period. The average annual ET was 1301 mm for aerobic rice and 1440 mm for flooded rice. This corresponds to about 11% lower total evapotranspiration in aerobic fields than in flooded fields. However, the crop water productivity (WP_ET) of aerobic rice (0.42 ± 0.03 g grain kg⁻¹ water) was significantly lower than that of flooded rice (1.26 ± 0.26 g grain kg⁻¹ water) because the grain yields of aerobic rice were very low since they were subjected to water stress.The results of this investigation showed significant differences in energy balance and evapotranspiration between flooded and aerobic rice ecosystems. Aerobic rice is one of the promising water-saving technologies being developed to lower the water requirements of the rice crop to address the issues of water scarcity. This information should be taken into consideration in evaluating alternative water-saving technologies for environmentally sustainable rice production systems.     

淮北平原几种高效集约种植方式的研究

几种高效集约种植方式研究结果表明 :选择适宜当地的作物和品种 ,采用科学的集约种植方式 ,能够充分利用土地、光、热、水等资源 ,节约绝对投入成本 ,显著提高经济效益。产值和利润随选择作物品种和复种指数增加而相应提高。     

几种叶面肥料在小菊上的筛选与应用研究

试验采用单因素随机区组设计,叶面喷施肥料的施肥方法,应用方差分析和多重比较分析试验数据,从而筛选出小菊最佳的营养元素配方。试验从不同叶面肥料在小菊上的筛选与应用研究的试验结果得到：小菊对肥料具有较强的选择性：三高灵的施用能够增加小菊的开花数量和鲜叶片叶绿素的含量；宝力丰的施用能提高小菊单株的干物重；OPAL的施用能延长小菊开花的花期。     

甜菜素合成相关基因BvDDC1的克隆与表达分析

甜菜素是一种重要的天然色素,具有广阔的应用前景。为探究调控甜菜素合成关键基因BvDDC1功能,本研究测定了不同生长阶段甜菜‘Yellow chard’的甜菜素含量和BvDDC1的相对表达量,同时采用同源克隆技术获得BvDDC1基因序列,并对其进行生物信息学分析及功能预测。结果表明:甜菜叶片中甜菜素含量随甜菜生长时间的延长呈现上升趋势,且BvDDC1在不同时期甜菜叶片中均有表达,呈现先上升后下降的趋势。甜菜素含量越高,BvDDC1表达量越高。BvDDC1序列全长为1509 bp,编码502个氨基酸,编码蛋白不具有跨膜结构,预测其在膜外发挥作用。系统进化树显示与菠菜亲缘关系较近,同源性最高。本研究结果可为解析甜菜素生物合成提供科学依据。     

与黄原胶生物合成相关的"1.9" kb EcoRI DNA片段的序列测定分析

对Ｘａｎｔｈｏｍｏｎａｓｃａｍｐｅｓｔｒｉｓｐｖ．ｃａｍｐｅｓｔｒｉｓ（下称Ｘｃｃ）８００４菌株染色体基因组中９．４ｋｂＨｉｎｄⅢＤＮＡ的“１．９”ｋｂＥｃｏＲＩ酶切片段的测序分析结果表明,该ＥｃｏＲＩＤＮＡ片段的实际长度为１．８８ｋｂ。在核苷酸水平上与Ｘｃｃ的ｇｕｍ基因有９８％的一致性;这一ＥｃｏＲＩ片段上有两个有意义的ＯＲＦ：ＯＲＦ１和ＯＲＦ２。ＯＲＦ１是一个不完整的ＯＲＦ;在氨基酸水平上,ＯＲＦ１和ＯＲＦ２的推断性编码产物蛋白分别与ｇｕｍＡ基因编码的ＧｕｍＡ及ｇｕｍＢ基因编码的ＧｕｍＢ蛋白有１００％的一致性。因此在１．８８ｋｂＥｃｏＲＩ片段上存在一完整的ｇｕｍＢ基因。     

不同密度与施氮量对玉米品质的影响

采用二次饱和D最优设计方法,研究了不同密度、氮肥施用量对玉米品质的影响,结果表明:合理密植,增施氮肥,有利于提高玉米产量和改善玉米品质;通过模拟试验和优化选择,提出了玉米产量≥7500kg/hm2、粗淀粉≥65%、粗脂肪≥4.55%、粗蛋白质≥11.2%、赖氨酸≥0.33%、色氨酸≥0.075%的栽培措施,其相应的密度为53475~72435株/hm2,氮肥施用量为278.85~488.70kg/hm2。     

中国畜禽粪便资源结构分布及发展展望

随着近年来经济的发展和产业结构的调整,畜禽养殖业发展迅速,同时畜禽粪便的产生量也在迅速增加。为此利用全国第一次污染源普查的相关指标和相关文献中排泄系数,在综合考虑畜禽饲养周期的情况下,估算出2009年中国畜禽粪尿产生总量约为21.83亿t猪粪当量,其中河南、山东、四川和内蒙古的畜禽粪尿产生量均超过1.50亿t猪粪当量。并利用2020年畜禽产品需求量的预测值,估算出2020年的畜禽粪尿产生量为28.11亿t猪粪当量。通过对畜禽粪尿产生量的估算,有利于明确对畜禽粪便总量和分布的认识,为畜禽粪便处理方法的选取和相关政策的制定奠定基础。     

Ethylene signalling is essential for the resistance of Nicotiana attenuata against Alternaria alternata and phytoalexin scopoletin biosynthesis

The phytohormone ethylene plays an important role in plant defence responses to pathogen attack. When infected by the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Alternaria alternata (tobacco pathotype), which causes severe diseases in Nicotiana species, the wild tobacco plant Nicotiana attenuata accumulates a high amount of the jasmonate (JA)‐dependent phytoalexin scopoletin to defend itself against this fungal pathogen. However, it is still not known whether ethylene signalling is also involved in scopoletin biosynthesis and the resistance of N. attenuata. After infection, ethylene biosynthetic genes were highly elicited. Furthermore, plants strongly impaired in ethylene biosynthesis or perception had dramatically decreased scopoletin levels, and these plants became more susceptible to the fungus, while A. alternata‐elicited JA levels were increased, indicating that the decreased defence responses were not due to lower JA levels. Thus, it is concluded that after infection, ethylene signalling is activated together with JA signalling in N. attenuata plants and this subsequently regulates scopoletin biosynthesis and plant resistance.     

夹茎式番茄钵苗取苗机构设计与试验

为避免取苗机构在夹取钵苗过程中对钵体与根系造成损伤,该研究针对夹茎取苗方式,提出一种基于二阶椭圆齿轮行星轮系以及凸轮摆杆机构的夹茎式番茄钵苗取苗机构。依据二阶椭圆齿轮传动特性与机构工作原理,建立机构运动学理论模型,并对凸轮轮廓曲线进行设计,结合番茄钵苗取苗作业要求及机构特点,基于MATLAB软件开发机构分析软件对机构参数进行优化,并进一步分析优化后取苗轨迹与凸轮各工作段的对应位置关系,建立了夹茎式取苗机构虚拟样机模型,利用ADAMS软件对取苗机构运动过程进行仿真分析,验证机构参数优化结果及零部件结构设计的准确性与合理性。试制取苗机构物理样机开展高速摄影试验,通过对比分析实际工作轨迹与理论分析及仿真轨迹的一致性,验证了取苗机构设计的正确性。搭建自动取苗试验台进行取苗试验。试验结果表明,取苗机构工作性能可靠、稳定,取苗频率为80株/min时,取苗成功率为92%,投苗成功率为94.2%,伤苗率为2.9%。研究结果可为番茄钵苗全自动移栽机自动取苗机构的研发提供参考。