Intraperitoneal Circulation and Drainage in the Dog

The patterns of dispersion and drainage of a low viscosity, oil-based contrast medium within the peritoneal cavity were examined in 12 normal dogs. Intraperitoneal injection of contrast medium was cranial or caudal and drainage was by the sump-Penrose or open peritoneal method. Radiographs were made over a 96 hour period, before and after peritoneal drainage was established. Each dog was euthanatized and necropsied. The contrast medium was dispersed throughout the peritoneal cavity 15 to 30 minutes after cranial injection and 1 to 2 hours after caudal injection. Most of the contrast medium drained within 6 hours after open peritoneal drainage and within 24 to 48 hours after sump-Penrose drainage. At necropsy, there was complete encasement of all sump-Penrose drains and partial occlusion of all open peritoneal incisions by omentum adhered to the abdominal wound edges. Peritonitis was not grossly evident, but all dogs showed histologic evidence of an acute inflammatory reaction associated with the drain or wound edge.     

Effect of orally administered furazolidone on volume and sperm concentration of dwarf and non-dwarf cock semen

2 groups of 20 cocks each were selected at random from non-dwarf White Leghorn (28 weeks post-hatch) and dwarf Krishna-J (38 weeks post-hatch) genotypes. The treated groups comprised 10 White Leghorn and 10 Krishna-J cocks. The remaining birds served as controls. 8 weeks prior to furazolidone treatment, semen was collected from both control groups at regular 4-day intervals, for 4 weeks. Cocks of the treated groups of both genotypes were administered furazolidone (0.14 g/bird/day) for 7 consecutive days. Semen was collected from all cocks at regular 4-day intervals for 4 weeks. Semen from the cocks of the same group was pooled. The pooled ejaculate volume and sperm density did not differ significantly in the 2 genotypes. The semen output as well as sperm density increased along with progressive attainment of sexual maturity. Furazolidone treatment caused significant reduction in semen volume as well as sperm concentration in either genotype.     

Gastroesophageal reflux and hiatus hernia associated with laryngeal paralysis in a dog

Gastro-oesophageal reflux together with sliding hiatus hernia is reported in a dog, associated with laryngeal paralysis. Diagnosis was made following endoscopy and fluoroscopy. Surgical treatment of the laryngeal paralysis resulted in complete remission of clinical signs.     

Studies on the Health of Beech Trees in Surrey, England: Relationship between Winter Canopy Assessment by Roloff's Method and Twig Analysis

Trees and saplings of all sizes (total 229) were studied atthree amenity sites in Surrey representing mixed woodland, beechhigh forest and open parkland. Roloff's winter assessment ofthe twig pattern of growth demonstrated an underlying differencebetween the sites, which was consistent with an associationbetween greater deterioration and more exposure to climate extremesand pollutants. Trees showed deterioration with age but prematureageing was seen in 35–50-year-old parkland trees. Withinthe woodland the more exposed trees had worse scores. Quantitative twig analysis was carried out on twigs from theupper canopy of 19 trees and saplings. In the most severelysuppressed trees yearly growth declined from the 1976 drought.Subsidiary shoot development was markedly reduced in such treesand there were high numbers of distorted and acute angled shoots.The latter two characteristics increased with age with younghealthy trees having very few of these types of shoots, buttwo 35-year-old trees in open parkland showed premature ageingwith larger numbers of such shoots. Twig analysis defined categories of twig pattern according toage and deterioration levels. There was generally good correlationbetween these categories and the Roloff twig canopy score beforeanalysis or with canopy scores of similar sized neighbours.Objective criteria suggested for future studies were: (1) measurementof annual primary shoot growth; (2) total secondary shoot lengthrelative to a standard primary shoot length; (3) mean numberof subsidiary shoots per year; and (4) proportion of shootsgrowing at 40° or less.     

Injection and sampling methods for drug residue study in calf muscle

Eight calves, weighing 50-150 kg, were given intramuscularly 5 ml of ampicillin (ABPC) aqueous suspensions (200 mg potency/ml) in their right and left gluteal and femoral regions. All calves were sacrificed one hour later to confirm the location of injected drug. The drug was found in a muscle layer when injected with a needle 15 mm long to the following positions, 1. the midpoint between the central position of the gluteal region (CG) and the tuber coxae (M-CTc), 2. the midpoint between CG and the tuber ossis ischii (M-CTo), 3. the central position of M. semimembranaceus in the femoral region (CF). Seven calves, weighing 130-150 kg, were given intramuscularly 5 ml of ABPC suspensions at M-CTo and CF and sacrificed one hour (4 calves) and 3 days (3 calves) later. ABPC diffused along the long axis of the muscle fibers but not to the radial direction. ABPC was detected only in the injected muscle layer even after 3 days indicating that the drug did not diffuse to the neighboring muscles. In the injected muscle layer, concentration of ABPC was remarkably different from part to part. From these results, sampling of the injected muscle for the drug residue study was proposed as follows: 1. isolate about 100 g of muscle just under the stick point marked on the skin considering the direction of drug diffusion, and 2. isolate separately about 200 g of the surrounding muscle to confirm if the sampling is appropriate.     

Probenecid effect on cefuroxime pharmacokinetics in calves

Cefuroxime pharmacokinetics were studied in unweaned calves. The antibiotic was administered at 10 mg/kg to six calves i.v., to 12 calves i.m. and to ten of the previous 12 calves i.m. at 10 mg/kg together with probenecid at 40 mg/kg. Intramuscular doses of cefuroxime alone at 20 mg/kg were given to seven calves; to five of these calves cefuroxime was also given together with probenecid at 40 mg/kg and at 80 mg/kg. The serum concentration-time data were analyzed using statistical moment theory (SMT). The elimination half-life (t1/2) was 69.2 min (harmonic mean) after i.v. and 64.8 min and 64.9 min following i.m. administration of the lower and higher dose, respectively. Co-administration of probenecid did not affect the t1/2. The mean residence time (MRT) was 80.9 +/- 23.5 min (mean +/- SD) after i.v. and 117.8 +/- 9.3 min and 117.7 +/- 5.4 min after i.m. administration of cefuroxime at 10 and 20 mg/kg, respectively. The MRTi.m. following administration of cefuroxime at 10 mg/kg together with probenecid at 40 mg/kg was 140.0 +/- 8.8 min. The MRTi.m. values were 132.8 +/- 2.3 min and 150.8 +/- 5.1 min after cefuroxime was given at 20 mg/kg together with probenecid at 40 mg/kg or 80 mg/kg, respectively. The total body clearance (ClT) was 3.56 +/- 1.11 ml/min/kg and the volume of distribution at steady state (Vd(ss] 0.270 +/- 0.051 l/kg. The MIC90 values of cefuroxime were 16 micrograms/ml for E. coli and Salmonella isolates, 0.5 microgram/ml for Pasteurella multocida and 2.0 micrograms/ml for P. haemolytica.     

硝酸还原酶与氮素利用的关系及其在作物遗传育种中的应用(综述)

本文综述了硝酸还原酶与氮素利用的关系及其遗传特性和在作物育种中应用的某些最新进展。氮吸收、利用等性状的生理和遗传特性极其复杂,受环境影响很大,对其进行遗传改良需考虑多种指标。对硝酸还原酶活性(NRA)与品质性状和产量的关系的争论很多,有些研究表明 NRA 可作为品质、产量性状的选择指标,有些则相反。逆境条件下 NRA 的变化非常敏感,NRA 可能与抗逆性有关。     

Protein and energy relationships in dairy cattle. 1. Dry cows

Nitrogen metabolism in ruminants is a dynamic process depending on level of intake and composition of dietary dry matter and on the physiological state of the animals. These parameters were analysed in a regression model for the requirements of nitrogen absorbed in the small intestine in relation to nitrogen balance of dry cows fed at maintenance level. The amount of total dietary nitrogen and the apparent nitrogen digestibility vary notably according to energy intake and energy concentration in dietary dry matter. On the contrary, the amount of nitrogen absorbed in the small intestine is only slightly affected by these parameters. The discrepancy between these statements lies mainly in differences in intestinal nitrogen absorption and in altered fermentation processes of the large intestine in response to changes in energy supply and ME concentration in dietary dry matter.