Lewdness with animals--an animal welfare problem

1. The meaning of the terms bestiality and sadism is determined and each term is defined. 2. Officially known cases are analyzed as well as commented on with respect to the abused animal species, the different practices used, and the social background of the sodomites. 3. Since the 1st penal reform law of June 25, 1969 has come into force the section 175 b StGB (Penal Code) was canceled without substitution, and bestiality is no longer liable to prosecution. The Law of the Protection of Animals of August 18, 1986 does not explicitly mention bestiality. The application of the fixed penality code of the above mentioned Law of the Protection of Animals is discussed in the case of "merely" bestial or sadistic practices. 4. Finally the legal situation in most of the EEC member states as well as in some third-party countries is described and partially commented on.     

Effect of canopy cover,seeding depth,and soil moisture on emergence of Centaurea maculosa and C. diffusa*

The effects of canopy cover, seeding depth, and soil moisture on emergence of Centaurea maculosa Lam. and C. diffusa Lam. were studied. Canopy cover had no effect on ermergence rate (seedlings/day/100 seeds) of either species. Seeds of both species emerged faster when placed on the soil surface. Emergence rate decreased as seeding depth increased. Both species required more than 55% initial soil moisture to initiate emergence, with 65–70% being optimum. Percentage emergence followed exactly the same trend as emergence rate. C. maculosa had better emergence characteristics over a wider range of conditions than C. diffusa, possibly being some of the reasons for the former having a wider geographical distribution in the United States and Canada.