早期猪胎儿卵巢的组织学观察

母猪怀孕后33-61d期间,是胎猪卵母细胞发生的关键阶段。为掌握这一时期卵巢上组织细胞的发育变化,试验采集妊娠33、40、46、54、61d的雌性胎猪卵巢进行苏木精-伊红染色。结果表明,妊娠33d胎猪卵巢表面上皮由1-2层细胞构成,实质见到卵原细胞和髓质索结构;妊娠40d时出现卵原细胞共质体结构和前细线期卵母细胞,髓质索状结构断裂;妊娠46d共质体样结构增多,卵母细胞进入前细线期和细线期。髓质索断裂成片段;妊娠54d时表面上皮由单层细胞构成,卵巢皮、髓可分,皮质中层见到合胞体样卵母细胞群,髓质相邻的皮质深层有一些原始卵泡正在形成;妊娠61d胎猪卵巢皮、髓界限清晰,皮质中层是大量合胞体样卵母细胞群,皮质深层出现了较多的原始卵泡,髓质中卵泡结构退化,卵母细胞发生核固缩。     

饲粮中添加籽粒苋对泌乳奶牛瘤胃发酵、血液指标和生产性能的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加籽粒苋青贮和干草对泌乳奶牛瘤胃发酵、营养物质表观消化率、血液指标和生产性能的影响。选取产奶量、胎次和泌乳天数等相近的健康荷斯坦奶牛45头,随机分成3组,每组15头牛。对照组粗饲料包括全株玉米青贮、羊草和苜蓿干草,试验Ⅰ组粗饲料使用籽粒苋青贮替代30%玉米青贮,试验Ⅱ组粗饲料使用籽粒苋干草替代30%苜蓿干草。3组饲粮营养水平接近。预试期10 d,正试期60 d。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,试验Ⅰ组能显著提高粗蛋白质(CP)表观消化率、瘤胃液氨态氮(NH_3-N)和血液总氨基酸(T-AA)的含量(P0.05),对其他营养物质表观消化率、血液指标和乳成分影响不显著(P0.05)。2)与对照组相比,试验Ⅱ组的血液T-AA含量显著高于对照组(P0.05),对其他血液指标、瘤胃发酵指标、营养物质表观消化率和乳成分均无显著影响(P0.05)。综上所述,饲粮中添加适量的籽粒苋不会影响奶牛的生产性能,同时会提高牧场经济效益。     

5HP-25型粮食干燥机设计与试验

为了提高干燥系统的能量利用效率,增强干燥机的通用性、可靠性、作业效率和年利用率,该研究围绕增大干燥动力系数和工艺能力指数,基于粮食的物性特征,从干燥工艺方式、机械结构参数和运动参数间的内在关系入手,把几何因子和运动参数有机结合,揭示了粮食在干燥机内流动特性;按照引风降压,连续闪蒸降温,强化传热传质,自适应排粮的设计思想,研制了一款粮食通用的干燥机,实现了粮食在干燥机内连续流动过程中,自发地改变流态、连续回转换位,强化了传热传质,改善了干燥的均匀性。设计的升角为6°的变截面角状盒,与传统的横流方法相比,可使干燥动力系数增大2～4倍,干燥稻谷时的爆腰增率可控制在1%以内,发芽势提高76%以上,发芽率达到95%;设计往复式差速排粮机构,实现了自适应无损排粮,有效解决了粮食架桥、堵塞问题,避免了粮种的机械损伤。设计的5HP-25型粮食干燥机,实际应用效果显示,在粮食平均干燥强度为1.37～2.70 %/h的条件下,干燥水分单位热耗为2 900～4 300kJ/kg,与国标7 400 kJ/kg相比,降低了单位热耗量。研究结果为实现优质、高效、节能干燥工艺及装备设计提供了参考。     

生物质流化床气化与结渣特性中试试验

为优化生物质流化床气化工艺,该研究在中试规模流化床实验台上进行了成型树皮和成型秸秆的空气气化试验,研究了空气当量比、气化温度与送风温度对成型树皮和成型玉米秸秆气化特性的影响,同时采用电子探针显微分析仪与X射线光谱分析仪对气化过程中结渣的微观结构与成分进行了分析。结果表明：气化效果随着空气当量比增大先升后降,空气当量比较佳值在0.24左右,此工况下树皮与秸秆合成气热值分别为5.66和3.92 MJ/m3,气化效率分别为59.62%与33.92%;气化温度增加促进气化效果提升,气化温度从700 ℃升高至800 ℃,树皮合成气热值与气化效率分别提升了1.01 MJ/m3与14.28%;一次风温度的提升对气化效果无显著影响（P>0.05）,但明显提升了炉膛底部温度,容易导致结渣,不利于设备稳定运行。2种生物质都有明显结渣现象,其表面呈现熔融玻璃状。结渣主要由KAl(SiO3)、K2MgSi5O12等复杂化合物与SiO2组成。导致结渣的原因主要是生物质中K、Mg等碱金属元素在床料中富集,与石英砂床料反应形成低熔点熔融盐;树皮含有较多Ca,气化中形成高熔点的CaSO4进而抑制结渣,而秸秆成灰率高,含有较多的K,导致结渣更为严重。     

基于改进多父辈遗传算法的农机调度优化方法

农机装备跨区作业存在作业任务重、转移范围大、作业时效性强等问题,传统的农机调度缺乏科学合理的调配方案。该研究开展了基于改进遗传算法的多机协同作业任务调度方法研究。首先对多块农田需连续进行多种生产任务的问题进行分析,建立在农机数量、转移距离、作业准备时间及作业时间等约束条件下的时间窗农机作业调度模型;然后以最小化作业时间为优化目标,提出改进多父辈遗传算法（Improved Multi-parent Genetic Algorithm, IMPGA）的优化方法求解农机作业规划方案;最后根据新疆塔城地区的农田数据及随机生成的农田任务进行模拟与仿真,并与标准遗传算法（Genetic Algorithm, GA）进行对比。结果表明：IMPGA和GA均能有效解决多任务多农机作业分配问题,IMPGA算法总体上优于GA,调度的最优时间和平均时间分别缩短2.47%和2.70%。该研究可为农机跨区作业提供合理的调度方案,也为规模化无人农场的生产经营提供科学依据。     

设施果园自动对靶精准变量施肥控制系统

针对目前果园条施肥过程中缺乏精准变量对靶施肥装置的问题,该研究研制了一种排肥轮槽口体积可根据果树目标施肥量及冠层直径大小自动调节,排肥轮转速随施肥车速自动变化的果园精准变量自动对靶施肥装置与控制系统。该装置采用外槽轮式结构,槽口体积可连续调节自动变化。采用激光雷达传感器实时探测果树冠层位置,使用霍尔传感器检测施肥车行驶速度,以STM32F407VET6单片机为核心设计了控制器。分别以尿素、复合肥、有机复合肥3种颗粒肥料为试验材料,标定了不同排肥轮槽口开度在不同排肥轮转速下的排肥量,单个槽口排肥量与排肥轮转速呈负线性关系,决定系数R2不小于0.93;建立了单棵果树目标施肥量与排肥轮转速、施肥车速、槽口体积以及果树冠层直径4个变量之间的关系及排肥轮转速控制规则。室内台架试验结果表明,单棵柑橘树实际施肥量与给定目标施肥量相对误差最大为5.17%,变异系数最大为1.47%,可在施肥车速变化情况下准确施用不同颗粒肥料。大棚柑橘果园自动对靶施肥试验结果表明,单棵柑橘树实际施肥量与给定目标施肥量相对误差最大为4.83%,变异系数最大为6.96%,且施肥均在果树冠层直径范围内完成。该装置能够根据果树冠层直径大小对靶按需施肥,适应不同种类颗粒肥的少量或较大量定量施肥,满足不同大小果树不同需肥量的精准变量自动施肥要求。     

Response of labile organic C and N pools to plastic film removal from semiarid farmland soil

To examine the effects of plastic film removal on grain yield and soil organic matter (SOM), a spring maize (Zea may L.) field experiment was conducted for 5 yr at Changwu Agricultural and Ecological Experimental Station of Northwest China. Compared with traditional plastic film mulching during entire growing stages (FM), plastic film removal at the silking stage (RM) resulted in a 6.3% higher average maize yield. Under the RM treatment, soil organic carbon and total nitrogen significantly increased after the 5‐yr cultivation in the 0‐ to 20‐cm layer. Significant increases in extractable organic C (EOC), KMnO₄‐oxidizable C (KMnO₄‐C) and C management index (CMI) in the 0‐ to 20‐cm layer, and light fraction organic C and EOC in the 20‐ to 40‐cm layer were observed in response to plastic film removal after the 1‐yr treatment; the responses were more significant after 5 yr. Under the RM treatment, significant increases in microbial biomass C, light fraction organic N, extractable organic N, KMnO₄‐C and CMI were also observed after five years in the 20‐ to 40‐cm layer. Moreover, KMnO₄‐C and EOC were much more sensitive than other labile SOM fractions to the application of RM, even after only 1 yr of cultivation. Therefore, compared with mulching for the whole growing season, plastic film removal at the maize silking stage is an effective option for increasing yields and enhancing SOM concentration and soil sustainability in the regions with semiarid monsoon climates that have sufficient rainfall during maize reproductive stages.     

广东惠州生猪养殖现状调查及分析

惠州地处广东省珠江三角洲,近10多年城市化进程速度加快,城市人口增长迅速,随着人们生活水平不断提高,猪肉消费急速上升.同时,惠州也是广东省猪场最为集中的地区,是广东重要的肉猪、种猪生产基地.惠州地区规模生猪养殖发展之路更是广东省生猪养殖的一个缩影和风向标.通过深入基层调查,走访养殖户、屠宰场、大型养殖企业等,通过座谈交流、问卷调查和查阅生产记录的方式,对惠州不同规模生猪养殖发展现状及面临的主要问题进行了调查和分析.通过分析发现,中等规模的生猪养殖场（存栏500-2 999头）具有生产效益明显、环境容量合适、调整生产快、抗风险高和适合精细饲养等特点,比较适合目前惠州的生猪养殖发展.针对惠州面临的产业结构调整、划定动物禁养区等现实问题,本文提出应结合人文发展,完善行业标准,大力发展现代都市养殖模式-绿色生态园区的建议.     

The localization and expression of epidermal growth factor and epidermal growth factor receptor in bovine ovary during oestrous cycle

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is one of the important regulatory factors of EGF family. EGF has been indicated to effectively inhibit the apoptosis of follicular cells, to promote the proliferation of granulosa cells and the maturation of oocytes, and to induce ovulation process via binding to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). However, little is known about the distribution and expression of EGF and EGFR in cattle ovary especially during oestrous cycle. In this study, the localization and expression rule of EGF and EGFR in cattle ovaries of follicular phase and luteal phase at different time points in oestrous cycle were investigated by using IHC and real-time qPCR. The results showed that EGF and EGFR in cattle ovary were mainly expressed in granulosa cells, cumulus cells, oocytes, zona pellucida, follicular fluid and theca folliculi externa of follicles. The protein and mRNA expression of EGF/EGFR in follicles changed regularly with the follicular growth wave both in follicular and in luteal phase ovaries. In follicular phase ovaries, the protein expression of EGF and EGFR was higher in antral follicles than that of those in other follicles during follicular growth stage, and the mRNA expression of EGFR was also increased in stage of dominant follicle selection. However, in luteal phase ovaries, the growth of follicles was impeded during corpus luteum development under the action of progesterone secreted by granular lutein cell. The mRNA and protein expressions of EGF and EGFR in ovarian follicles during oestrous cycle indicate that they play a role in promoting follicular development in follicular growth waves and mediating the selection process of dominant follicles.     

农药市场常见违法行为分析与建议

本文对四川省近5年立案查处的农药市场违法案件进行整理,对案例反映出的农药市场常见违法行为进行归类分析,并提出了相应的监管建议,试图给农药市场监管工作提供参考。