发展中的中国设施园艺

本文回顾了中国设施园艺发展的悠久历史。本世纪80年代末,已形成以塑料棚为主体,与风障畦、地膜覆畦和温室等相互配套的生产体系,其特点是因地制宜,就地取材,耗能少,节省投资,综合配套。与此同时设施园艺科学研究,学术活动也十分活跃,对工厂化育苗、无土栽培、地膜覆盖、温室结构、高产栽培技术和微机调控综合环境技术等方面开展了研究并取得成果,发表大量论文,中国农业工程学会设施园艺环境工程委员会多次组织学术交流、座谈、考察。此外设施园艺学的教学也有相应发展,在某些高等学校中设置了“农业建筑与环境工程专业”开设“设施园艺学”等课程,并举办各种短训班,培养大批技术人才。     

Study on the Change Rule of Egg Yolk Antibody in Laying Hens after First Immunization by Japanese Encephalitis Virus

The purpose of this experiment was to study the immunization rule of the egg yolk antibody affected by different vaccines,immunization dose and injection ways and further to discuss the optimal immunization procedures of the laying hens for the preparation of egg yolk antibody against swine Japanese encephalitis virus.180 brown laying hens without any vaccines were selected and divided into 18 groups randomly,each group of 10 hens.Groups 1,2 were the control groups,injected with the sterile saline;Groups 3 to 10 were injected with subcutaneous or intramuscular injection,and the vaccine was injected with 0.2,0.5,1.0 and 1.5 mL successively.Groups 11 to 18 were also adopted two kinds of injection,followed by the same dose of vaccine immunization.Six eggs of each experimental group were gathered before immune day and after 3,7,10,14,18,21 and 28 days,the egg yolk antibody was extracted and the titer was determined.As a result,the egg yolk antibody titers of groups 1 to 6,11 and 12 were all 0,and no significant immune response produced;The hens from 7 to 10 groups were injected with the inactivated vaccine.After 7 days,the average antibody titer reached the peak,and the duration of the antibody was 14 days.The hens from 13 to 18 groups were injected with the attenuated virus vaccine.After 14 days,the average antibody titer reached the highest value,and the duration of the antibody was 21 days.The egg yolk antibody titers were not significantly different in the two compared experiment groups with the same injection dose but with different injection ways (P>0.05).With the same injection way of each experiment group,and the difference was significant (P>0.05).Compared with some groups with the same injection and vaccine,the titer of yolk antibody was gradually increased with the increase of the immune dose,and the difference was significant (P<0.05).The results showed that,no matter intramuscular or subcutaneous injection,in order to produce a significant immune response to hens,the immune antigen dose was 1.0 mL inactivated vaccine or 0.5 mL attenuated vaccine at least.Compared with the attenuated and inactivated vaccine,inactivated vaccine stimulated the body to produce the antibody faster,but the maintenance time was shorter;The lower dose of attenuated vaccine could stimulate the body to produce antibodies,but the speed was slower,the maintenance time was longer.     

Effect of Weaning Stress on Blood Physiology and Biochemistry Indexes and Immune Function in Dairy Buffalo Calves

To study the effect of weaning stress on dairy buffalo calves,5 healthy calves were chosen and weaned,and the blood samples were collected at 1 day before weaning,and 1,14 and 21 days after weaning to analysis blood physiology and biochemistry indexes and immune function.The results showed that the count of white blood cell,lymphocyte,erythrocyte,monocytes and hematocrit,aspartate aminotransferase activity,blood glucose,cortisol and immunoglobulin G contents of dairy buffalo calves were no significant difference between before and after weaning treatments (P > 0.05).The count of neutrophils at 21 d after weaning were significantly lower than that of 1 d before weaning of dairy buffalo calves (P < 0.05).However,lactate dehydrogenase and alanine aminotransferase activity in weaned treatments were significantly higher than those of animals in the treatment before weaning (P < 0.05).The serum urea nitrogen of dairy buffalo calves at 21 d after weaning was significantly higher than that of 1 d before weaning (P < 0.05) and hemoglobin content at 21 d after weaning was significantly lower than that at 1 day before weaning (P < 0.05).It indicated that the physiological and immunity function of dairy buffalo calves were challenged under weaning stress.     

Blood Typing of Asiatic Black Bear (Ursusthibetanus)

In this study,we aimed to determine whether bear had different blood group systems.Whole blood samples were collected from 40 Asiatic Black bears in Fujian province,China.Tube method was used to detect antibodies in plasma,and antibody isotype was determined with 2-mercaptoethanol.Plasma was further analyzed by mass spectrometry.The plasma from four bears had antibodies,possibly IgM isoform,which could agglutinate RBCs from 30 bears.Blood samples from 10 bears were tested by human blood typing reagents.The results showed that 4 bears had blood type like human type O,while 6 bears had like human type B.Plasma protein had extensive homology to serum albumin-like isoform 1 found in giant panda (Ailuropodamelanoleuca).We suggested that Asiatic Black bear might have at least one blood group system with two blood types.If the sick bear needs blood transfusion,a cross-matching test was necessary.Moreover,giant panda might receive blood from Asiatic Black bear in case of emergency.     

The effect of lactic acid bacterial starter culture and chemical additives on wilted rice straw silage

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are suitable for rice straw silage fermentation, but have been studied rarely, and rice straw as raw material for ensiling is difficult because of its disadvantages, such as low nutrition for microbial activities and low abundances of natural populations of LAB. So we investigated the effect of application of LAB and chemical additives on the fermentation quality and microbial community of wilted rice straw silage. Treatment with chemical additives increased the concentrations of crude protein (CP), water soluble carbohydrate (WSC), acetic acid and lactic acid, reduced the concentrations of acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF), but did not effectively inhibit the growth of spoilage organisms. Inoculation with LABs did not improve the nutritional value of the silage because of poor growth of LABs in wilted rice straw. Inoculation with LAB and addition of chemical materials improved the quality of silage similar to the effects of addition of chemical materials alone. Growth of aerobic and facultatively anaerobic bacteria was inhibited by this mixed treatment and the LAB gradually dominated the microbial community. In summary, the fermentation quality of wilted rice straw silage had improved by addition of LAB and chemical materials.     

Nanosize of zinc oxide and the effects on zinc digestibility,growth performances,immune response and serum parameters of weanling piglets

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of nanosize zinc on zinc digestibility, growth performances, immune response and serum parameters of weanling piglets. Ninety‐six LYD weanling piglets were assigned to control, zinc oxide (ZnO), organic‐Zn (Zn‐methionine) and nanosize ZnO (nano‐Zn) groups with four replicates. The zinc was at the 120 mg/kg level in the treatment group's diet, while the control group's was 80 mg/kg Zn. The experiment results indicated that the nano‐Zn and organic‐Zn groups had significantly higher Zn digestibility compared to the ZnO and control groups. For the immune response traits, the IgG level and goat red blood cells (GRBC) antibody titer were nano‐Zn and organic‐Zn>ZnO>control; in the phytohemagglutinin (PHA) challenge test result, nano‐Zn>organic‐Zn>ZnO>control; in regard to the γ‐globulin level, nano‐Zn and organic‐Zn>ZnO and control, with significant difference between groups. In the serum parameters aspect, serum Zn concentration in nano‐Zn and organic‐Zn groups were higher than in the ZnO and control groups, serum growth hormone concentration was increased in the nano‐Zn group than in the other groups. In conclusion, nanosize zinc oxide for dietary supplementation can increase zinc digestibility, serum growth hormone levels and carbonic anhydrase activity and enhance the immune response of weanling piglets.     

The influences of ambient temperature and crude protein levels on performance and serum biochemical parameters in broilers

This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of ambient temperature, crude protein levels and their interaction on performance and serum biochemical parameters of broiler chickens. A total of 216 Arbor Acre broiler chickens (108 males and 108 females) were used in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement and randomly reared at two temperatures (normal temperature: 23 °C; daily cyclic high temperature: 28–32 °C) and fed on three diets with different crude protein levels (153.3, 183.3 or 213.3 g/kg, with constant essential amino acids) from 28 to 42 days of age. Daily cyclic high ambient temperature decreased final body weight, average daily weight gain, average daily feed intake and serum total protein contents (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p = 0.008 respectively), but increased feed/gain, mortality, respiratory rate, rectal temperature, serum uric acid contents and serum creatine kinase activity (p = 0.008, p = 0.003, p < 0.0001, p < 0.0001, p < 0.0001, p = 0.003 respectively), irrespective of crude protein levels. At the ambient temperature, reducing crude protein levels resulted in an increase in feed/gain (p < 0.001), but a decrease in serum total protein and uric acid contents. Only serum creatine kinase activity in broiler chickens was interacted by daily cyclic high ambient temperature and dietary crude protein levels (p = 0.003). These results indicated that daily cyclic high ambient temperature had a great effect on performance and serum biochemical parameters in broiler chickens, whereas dietary crude protein levels affected them partially.     

三种基因型羽衣甘蓝筛选适合叶绿体转化材料

以3种不同基因型的羽衣甘蓝品种"皱叶红心"、"白鸥"和"红鸥"为试材,以MS培养基为基础培养基,分别添加不同质量浓度的6-BA、NAA、IBA激素,筛选不同品种真叶叶片不定芽的诱导频率,同时确定不同材料对除草剂双丙氨膦和抗生素壮观霉素的致死临界质量浓度,为羽衣甘蓝的叶绿体转化研究筛选受体材料。结果表明:影响羽衣甘蓝叶片诱导不定芽因素中,激素质量浓度的影响比品种的影响更大;当诱导培养基中的6-BA质量浓度为1.0mg/L、NAA质量浓度为0.1mg/L时,诱导效果最佳,是3个品种的最适培养基;按照由高到低的顺序排列,3个品种的不定芽诱导率依次为"红鸥"、"白鸥"和"皱叶红心",因此择优利用品种"红鸥"作为后续转基因研究的受体材料;分别利用双丙氨膦和壮观霉素的不同质量浓度梯度进行筛选,研究二者对"红鸥"品种叶片分化的影响,发现双丙氨膦和壮观霉素的最低抑制质量浓度分别为4mg/L和50mg/L。该研究结果对今后利用叶绿体遗传转化技术改良羽衣甘蓝品种提供了技术支持。     

宁夏压砂地土壤全盐量和pH值的空间变异分析

以宁夏境内压砂地为研究对象,研究了不同土层压砂地土壤全盐量和pH值的空间变异性。结果表明:描述性统计分析,在垂直方向上,pH值随土壤深度的增加而下降,每层土样pH值的变异系数变化均10%,属弱变异性;全盐量随着土样深度的增加而增加,变异系数均100%,属强空间变异性。各层pH值理论分布模型均为高斯模型,且具有中等程度的空间相关性,反映出压砂地土壤pH值的空间变异是随机性因素和结构性因素共同作用的结果;0~20、20~40cm全盐理论分布模型为高斯模型,40~60cm属球状模型,具有强烈的空间相关性,说明其变异主要是由结构性因素引起。Kriging插值分析表明研究区土壤全盐量和pH值在水平空间分布总体呈环状,pH值由西北向东南方向逐渐降低,全盐量由西北向东南方向递增。