基于拖拉机作业轨迹的农田面积测量

为了精确测量拖拉机在农田作业时的作业面积,以评价拖拉机的作业效率。该文选用双星定位(GPS卫星和伽利略卫星)接收机采集定位数据,采用自适应卡尔曼滤波算法提高接收机单点定位精度,利用高斯投影算法将GPS接收机采集经纬度转化成平面坐标来计算面积。选用回耕法、梭形耕法、套耕法3种方法旋耕地块,利用安装拖拉机上的GPS识别出作业轨迹,利用图像处理计算3种方法的有效作业面积、实际作业面积和重漏耕面积。试验表明:卡尔曼滤波提高了GPS单点定位精度;面积测量相对误差为2.09%;地块1(回耕法)漏耕率为14.29%,重耕率为6.19%,地块2(梭形耕法)漏耕率为10.72%,重耕率为5.54%,地块3(套耕法)漏耕率为1.80%,重耕率为6.82%。随测量面积增加,测量精度越高;套耕法效率最高,梭形耕法其次;回耕法的漏耕率最大,作业效率最低。     

广西来宾县干旱系统分析及生态治旱对策

来宾是广西最旱的县，干旱频繁，严重影响农业生产和农村经济的发展。本文系统分析了该县干旱的原因，认为自然条件和人类活动的影响是干旱致灾的原因。针对农业生态经济系统存在的问题，提出了关于调整系统结构、增强系统功能的生态治旱对策。     

β－转换生长因子对牛体外受精卵体外发育的影响

本研究主要检测ＴＧＦ－β对牛早期胚胎体外发育和移植后的成活率的影响。在试验１和试验２，添加０．３～７．０ｎｇ／ｍＬ的ＴＧＦ－β至无论是复杂培养液还是各成分已知的简单培养液中，囊胚中内细胞团细胞都不同程度地增长，比对照组的囊胚多０．５～１．０倍；此外在含有３．０～５．０ｎｇ／ｍＬ的ＴＧＦ－β的培养液中的囊胚，其孵化率显著地高于对照组。在试验３中，添加３．０ｎｇ／ｍＬ的ＴＧＦ－β显著地促进与不同细胞共同培养的囊胚内细胞团的细胞增长，在颗粒细胞或输卵管细胞及其两者组合当中的单层细胞上的囊胚表现突出。在试验４中，用ＴＧＦ－β培养所获得的囊胚移植于受体母牛，约４５～９０ｄ将受体屠宰检查中发现，ＴＧＦ－β的囊胚成活率高于无ＴＧＦ－β的囊胚．试验结果表明，ＴＧＦ－β可促进体外发育的囊胚内细胞团的细胞增长以及提高囊胚移植后的成活率。     

Perchlorate accumulation in forage and edible vegetation

The accumulation of perchlorate in vegetation is becoming a concern, with increasing numbers of sites reporting the presence of perchlorate in groundwater and surface water. This study investigated potential perchlorate uptake and distribution by a variety of forage and edible crops in both the laboratory and the field. Perchlorate concentrations in soybean leaves grown in the greenhouse were significantly higher than perchlorate concentrations in soybean seeds and pods. Perchlorate concentrations in alfalfa grown in sand were significantly lower than those in alfalfa grown in soil. The concentration of perchlorate in tomato was lower in the fruit than the leaves. Commercially grown wheat and alfalfa samples all contained perchlorate, 0.72-8.6 mg/kg of fresh weight (FW) in the wheat stems, 0.71-4.4 mg/kg of FW in the wheat heads, and 2.9 mg/kg of FW in alfalfa. All field garden samples tested (including cucumber, cantaloupe, and tomato) that were irrigated with perchlorate-tainted water contained perchlorate at various concentrations ranging from 0.040 to 1.65 mg/kg of FW. Bioconcentration factors (BCF), ratios of plant fresh weight concentrations to estimated or measured groundwater concentrations [(microg/kg of FW)/microg/L], were all in the same order of magnitude ranging from 215 +/- 126 for wheat stems to 233 +/- 264 for wheat heads and to 380 +/- 89 for alfalfa. BCF for garden fruit samples were much lower (0.5-20). Results from this study highlight the potential for perchlorate exposure by routes other than drinking water.     

Effects of Low Molecular Weight Organic Anions on the Release of Arsenite and Arsenate from a Contaminated Soil

Low-molecular-weight-organic-anions (LMWOAs) are important exudates of plants and may influence the mobility and bioavailability of metals or metalloids. In the present study the effects of selected LMWOAs, citrate, malate and oxalate, on the release of arsenite (As(III)) and arsenate (As(V)) in a contaminated soil were investigated. The organic anions have significant influence upon the release of arsenic from the soil, and a linear relationship exits between the released arsenic and the concentration of LMWOAs in the extractants. pH effects on the arsenite and arsenate adsorption were not significant over the range from 3 to 7. The amounts of arsenite and arsenate released were significantly correlated with the release of Fe, Mn and Al, suggesting that arsenic was mainly released from Fe-, Mn- and Al-oxides or hydroxides in soil. The ratio of released arsenite to arsenate was not influenced by LMWOAs.     

Comparison between phenetic characterisation using RAPD and ISSR markers and phenotypic data of cultivated chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.)

Patterns of phenotypic and phenetic variability in sixPortuguese cultivars of chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) are evaluated. Morphological characterisationwas based on the quantification of seventeen traits. Varianceanalysis showed significant differences among cultivars, and cultivar× year for all the traits studied, and trees within cultivarsshowed also some significant differences for some of themorphological variables. A significant correlation was obtainedbetween length of the leaf blade and the percentage of unisexual andandrogynic inflorescence with the effective thermal index,accumulated rainfall from April to October and from July to October,or the accumulated temperature below seven during the dormant period.Principal Component and cluster analysis were performed to group thecultivars, according to their similarity coefficients. For molecularcharacterisation, 125 RAPD and 157 ISSR polymorphic markers wereamplified using 28 and 7 primers respectively. High level ofcongruence among the two marker systems (r =90.5%) was obtained from comparison of pheneticsimilarities based on the percentage of shared fragments. ISSRmarkers revealed important advantages over RAPDs, due to a higheffective multiplex ratio (12.5 for ISSR compared with 2.2 forRAPD analysis) and reproducibility. Although morphological andmolecular results are comparable, slight differences are showed incluster analysis UPGMA dendrograms. Molecular analysis explainedhomonym situations among 'Martainha' and'Longal' cultivars in Portugal.     

模拟酸雨和酸雾对水稻生理和生长的影响

模拟酸雨和酸雾（ｐＨ２．０～５．６）的土培试验结果表明，低ｐＨ酸雨和酸雾处理对水稻产生明显伤害，水稻叶片出现坏死斑点，细胞膜透性增大，汁液ｐＨ值明显下降，叶绿素含量和光合速率明显降低，并随酸雨和酸雾的酸度增大、处理剂量增加而加重；叶片Ｎ，Ｐ和Ｋ养分被淋失，生长受抑制，产量明显下降。酸雨和酸雾处理诱导叶片过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶和抗坏血酸氧化酶活性增高，但不同酶的活性峰值出现在不同的处理酸度梯度上。相同酸度下，对水稻生长的抑制作用以酸雾大于酸雨。     

喷灌条件下土壤NO3--N含量的空间变异性研究

作物生长所需的养分主要来源于土壤 ,因而土壤作为作物生长的营养库 ,其养分的变异必然会引起作物生长的变异。北方旱地土壤氮素形态一般以硝态氮为主 ,所以开展土壤NO- 3 N含量空间变异性研究对于科学合理地制定农田施肥方案 ,提高氮肥利用率 ,促进变量施肥技术的发展 ,实现精     

农业生态系统养分循环再利用作物产量增益的地理分异

根据3个地点中长期田间试验联网比较研究发现，保持养分循环再利用可明显减少作物产量的年际波动，使作物具有较好的产量稳定性。农业生态系统养分循环再利用的产量增益与化肥施用和所处气候区的热量因素有关。在无化肥的前提下，保持80％循环率养分循环再利用的平均粮食增产量从北向南分别是：海伦262 kg·hm^-2(14年平均)，沈阳956 kg·hm^-2(12年平均)，桃源3 063 kg·hm^-2(11年平均)；在施用N、P化肥基础上保持养分循环再利用     

季铵盐双子表面活性剂的合成及性能研究

以N,N-二甲基十二烷基叔胺和1,4-二溴丁烷为原料合成了以丁基为连接基团的具有对称结构的双子季铵盐型杀菌剂.目标产物结构通过核磁共振氢谱进行表征.测定了25℃下双子季铵盐水溶液的表面张力,考察了双子季铵盐与NP-6,NP-8,NP-15,AEO-3二元复配体系形成胶束的能力和降低表面张力的协同增效作用.测定了双子季铵盐及其二元复配体系对锌的缓蚀性能.初步探讨了双子季铵盐的抗菌、抑菌性能.结果表明:双子表面活性剂与NP-6,NP-8,NP-15,AEO-3的二元复配体系可以产生降低表面张力的协同增效作用.合成的季铵盐型双子表面活性剂水溶液的临界胶束浓度(cmc)、相应的表面张力(γcmc)均低于普通表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(C16TAB).与普通表面活性剂C16TAB相比,双子表面活性剂抑菌、抗菌效果更为优异,对8种农业致病菌有抑制作用,其中对番茄叶霉菌抑制效果最佳.