微生物发酵床大栏养殖猪群管理的研究（英文）

[目的]对一栏1 500头的大群体"吃、喝、拉、撒"进行观察管理,以期找到一些简单易行的指标作为大群体猪群的健康指标,为微生物发酵床大栏养殖大猪群生长性能管理提供经验。[方法]从猪的生长日龄和采食量的关系入手,以整群采食量、头均采食量、头均饮水量、群体健康级别划分,个体体长与体重的关系等为指标,研究不同日龄育肥猪的取食量和生长的关系,观察大猪群生长健康状况。[结果]微生物发酵床大栏养殖猪群(1 500头)管理的研究,以猪日龄为核心,观察体重范围、平均体重、日增重、饲喂天数、日采食量范围、日均采食量、阶段采食量、累计采食量、料重比、累计料重比等,建立了一套猪群生长状况动态模型,包括猪体重(y)与日龄(x)模型:y=0.758 9x-19.883(r2=0.993 7);猪增重(y)与日龄(x)幂指数关系模型:y=1.039 5x0.505 1(r2=0.885 4);日均采食量(y)与日龄(x)模型:y=0.0235x-0.334 3(r2=0.991 7);猪料重比(y)与日龄(x)线性关系模型:y=0.022x+0.427 8(r2=0.988 5)等,作为理论值,判别特定日龄下猪生长状况;微生物发酵床大栏养殖猪群的主要病害有:皮炎-痘状斑疹、拉稀-消化道疾病、咳嗽-呼吸道疾病、僵猪-营养不良、眼病-眼结膜炎、外伤-拐脚,未发现烈性传染病。[结论]当猪体重、猪增重、日均采食量、猪料重比实际值低于理论值时,必须寻找原因,加强猪的管理,观察表明,发酵床养猪更加有利于猪的生长。     

某试验基地稻米中铅、镉、砷的检测与分析

[目的]通过检测某水稻种植试验基地生产的稻米中铅、镉、砷的含量,了解其受重金属污染的情况,为进一步研究提供科学依据。[方法]随机抽取试验基地相邻的15丘稻田（每丘约为1亩）分为五个检测组（A、B、C、D、E组,每组约为3亩地）,A组为清水种植,其他四组处理相同。从每亩地的稻谷中随机采集2份样品,共30份进行测量,并依照GB2762-2005食品中污染物限量标准及铅、镉、砷三种重金属总体污染评分（ OPS）进行评估,OPS分为无污染（OPS≤3）、轻微污染（3＜OPS≤6）、中等偏高污染（6＜OPS≤30）和严重污染（OPS＞30）四级。[结果]30份样品中铅、镉、砷含量平均值分别为(0.62±0.47),(0.45±0.09)和(0.29±0.16)mg/kg;超标率分别为83.3％、100％和36.7％。各组间铅（χ2=4.228）、砷（χ2=3.568）含量差异无统计学意义（ P＞0.05）;镉含量差异有统计学意义（ F=3.160;P＜0.05）;OPS值在5到7之间,铅在 OPS中所占比重最大。[结论]该试验基地稻米存在 Pb、Cd、As含量超标的情况;OPS结果提示该基地稻米重金属污染处于轻微至中等偏高水平,铅是引起稻米重金属污染的主要因素;全部样品中的镉含量均超标。针对以上情况,建议有关部门加强监测,同时进一步探究引起稻米污染的原因。     

木薯品种间乙醇生产性能比较（英文）

选取了以面包树木、SC9为代表的11种木薯品种,分别测定其淀粉含量,并从生料及熟料转化乙醇2个方面对这11种木薯材料进行了比较试验。结果表明,各品种之间淀粉含量存在一定差异,其中SC9最高,淀粉含量达82.33%。熟料发酵生产乙醇明显高于生料发酵,且不同品种乙醇产量存在差异,其中生料发酵最高为H680,乙醇产量9.7%,熟料发酵最高为H609,乙醇产量达13.8%。     

紫心甘薯徐紫薯3号主要性状和生物产量动态变化规律分析

[目的]研究徐紫薯3号生长时期的性状变化及其性状之间的相关性、并探明生物产量动态变化规律,有利于通过栽培措施进一步提高该品种的产量和花青素含量。[方法]对徐紫薯3号在6个时期的田间性状、品质性状以及生物产量进行系统测定,对该品种的主要性状与产量变化规律进行了探讨。[结果]徐紫薯3号主要性状除花青素含量外,最盛时期一般出现在90 d以后,其中地上部干率(叶柄干率、叶片干率和茎干率)之间,以及与还原糖含量、单株薯块重两两之间都表现出显著甚至极显著正相关水平。徐紫薯3号栽插后90 d内的同化产物分配于茎叶较多,分配于块根较少,而在90 d以后虽然光合能力和净同化率逐渐下降,但分配于块根的同化产物迅速上升,并到135 d时达到最大值。[结论]徐紫薯3号是一个多肥适应型的晚熟品种,并且其花青素积累过程属于波动变化型。因此,可以通过合理增加施肥量和延长其生育期来提高徐紫薯3号的产量,并在栽苗后60 d内,通过调节温度、光照、水分,以及植物激素处理等方法来提高其花青素含量。     

Global genetic change tracks global climate warming in Drosophila subobscura

Comparisons of recent with historical samples of chromosome inversion frequencies provide opportunities to determine whether genetic change is tracking climate change in natural populations. We determined the magnitude and direction of shifts over time (24 years between samples on average) in chromosome inversion frequencies and in ambient temperature for populations of the fly Drosophila subobscura on three continents. In 22 of 26 populations, climates warmed over the intervals, and genotypes characteristic of low latitudes (warm climates) increased in frequency in 21 of those 22 populations. Thus, genetic change in this fly is tracking climate warming and is doing so globally.     

Pepper resistance-breaking tobamoviruses: Can they co-exist in single pepper plants?

We previously reported a procedure for identifying pathotypes of the tobamoviruses infecting the L-resistant genotypes of pepper based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (Tenllado et al., 1994). We have now used this method to assess pathotype incidence in virus isolates from field pepper samples representing three successive epidemic episodes in southeastern Spain, and to analyse the interaction of pathotypes during experimental infections in pepper plants. The majority of virus isolates corresponded to the P_1,2 pathotype, and only three out of twenty behaved as P_1,2,3 pathotypes. Interestingly, restriction enzyme analysis of the PCR-amplified products distinguished two restriction subgroups on each P_1,2 and P_1,2,3 pathotype, referred to as restrictopatterns I₁ and I₂ or II₁ and II₂, respectively. Experimental coinoculations of pepper plants with mixtures of two different pathotypes showed coexistence between them when inoculations proceeded simultaneously. However, reciprocal cross-protection was observed between P_1,2 and P_1,2,3 pathotypes when they were successively inoculated, while no cross-protection was observed between P₁ and either P_1,2 or P_1,2,3 pathotypes. The potential of the PCR-based method for detecting heterogeneity within P_1,2 and P_1,2,3 pathotypes, and the possibility of genetically engineered resistance to those viruses by genetic transformation with viral coat protein genes are briefly discussed.     

Occurrence, isolation and biological activity of phytotoxic metabolites produced in vitro by Sphaeropsis sapinea, pathogenic fungus of Pinus radiata

Sphaeropsis sapinea was repeatedly isolated in Sardinia from symptomatic samples of the upper part of declining pine (Pinus radiata) plants. Observed symptoms mainly consisted of foliage chlorosis, drying of needles and cankers on branches. The S. sapinea strains were shown to produce phytotoxic metabolites in culture filtrates. Three metabolites were isolated for the first time from this fungus and identified by their spectroscopic and optical properties as R-(−)-mellein, (3R,4R)-4-hydroxymellein and (3R,4S)-4-hydroxymellein. When assayed for phytotoxic and antifungal activities on host and non-host plants and on some phytopathogenic fungi, the R-(−)-mellein showed significant activity, while the other two 3,4-dihydroisocoumarins showed only a synergic activity in both tests.     

黄河上游玛曲地区近40a蒸发量变化特征分析

利用黄河上游玛曲气象站1969-2008年的蒸发量观测资料,用线性趋势分析、小波分析及突变分析等方法,分析了玛曲近40a蒸发量的变化特征。结果表明:近40a来玛曲年蒸发量呈较为明显的减小趋势,倾向率为-44.3mm/10a,其中90年代这种减小的特征更为突出。玛曲年蒸发量存在较为明显的准10a周期变化和25a较长周期变化特征。年蒸发量在1974年发生了由高向低的突变。40a中玛曲各季节蒸发量普遍呈减小的趋势,其中尤以夏季蒸发量减小的趋势最为明显,春季蒸发量变化较平缓,减少的趋势在各季节中表现最微弱。通过对蒸发量与环境因子之间的相关关系分析表明,气温日较差和风速是影响蒸发量的最重要的因子,气温日较差和风速的明显减小,可能是引起蒸发量下降的主要原因。     

Evaluation of an oil dispersion formulation of imidacloprid as a drench against Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) in young palm trees

BACKGROUND: The red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier), is a phytophagous insect that feeds on soft succulent tissues of most palm species and is considered the main palm pest in the Middle East and the Mediterranean Basin. The aim of this study was to test the efficacy of imidacloprid oil dispersion (OD) as a drench in preventive and curative treatments against R. ferrugineus in Phoenix canariensis, Washingtonia robusta, Washingtonia filifera and Trachycarpus fortunei. RESULTS: Levels of infestation were highest in P. canariensis. There was no infestation in W. filifera. Mean efficacies of 100 and 94% were obtained in preventive and curative treatments respectively. High efficacies in preventive treatments (mean 95.4%) lasted for up to 45 days after application. CONCLUSION: The high efficacies and persistence of imidacloprid OD applied as a drench in young palms show the potential of this product for the management of R. ferrugineus. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry