Human activities modify soil properties in urban parks: a case study of Tel Aviv-Jaffa

Purpose

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of visitors’ activities on soil properties in parks of Tel Aviv-Jaffa city, Israel.

Materials and methods

The city was divided into three geographical regions: south, central, and north. This division reflects the course of development of the city from south to north and encompasses various socioeconomic levels of residents. In each region, 9–15 parks were randomly chosen and classified into three groups according to their size (in m²): 2?×?10³ to 10?×?10³, 11?×?10³ to 20?×?10³, and 21?×?10³ to 50?×?10³. In each park soil, 0–2 cm of depth layer was sampled in areas under various levels of visitor pressure from July to August 2011, and organic matter, electrical conductivity, and sodium and chlorine contents were determined. Lawns and path and picnic areas represented low and high visitor pressure, respectively. Observations were conducted to characterize the various land uses of the parks and to estimate the numbers of visitors. Also, questionnaires were used at selected parks to assess visitors’ motivations or reasons for visiting the parks.

Results and discussion

Socioeconomic indicators, such as the number of residents, the apartment areas, and the percentages of family households, differed among the regions. Soil properties differed between the areas of high and low visitor pressure: they were influenced by type of human activity, size of the park, and number of visitors.

Conclusions

Soil properties are affected by variations in the intensity of park use by visitors and by the type of activities enjoyed by these visitors, both of which depend on the socioeconomic status of the park area.

     

Acute toxicity of zinc and arsenic to the warmwater aquatic oligochaete <Emphasis Type="Italic">Branchiura sowerbyi</Emphasis> as compared to its coldwater counterpart <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tubifex tubifex</Emphasis> (Annelida,Clitellata)

Purpose

This study aimed at evaluating the acute effects of arsenic and zinc to the warmwater aquatic oligochaete Branchiura sowerbyi. Relative sensitivity with the coldwater species Tubifex tubifex was compared. Implications for the use of B. sowerbyi in the risk assessment of sediments in the tropics are discussed.

Materials and methods

Water-only (96 h) and sediment (14 days) toxicity tests were conducted with both species evaluating a concentration series of arsenic and zinc. The tests were conducted considering the environmental conditions in the natural habitat of T. tubifex (predominantly temperate) and B. sowerbyi (predominantly tropical). Both lethal and sublethal endpoints (autotomy of the posterior body parts, abnormal behavior and appearance) were determined in the tests. The lethal (LC₁₀ and LC₅₀) and effect (EC₁₀ and EC₅₀) concentrations were also determined to assess metal sensitivity for both species.

Results and discussion

Both test species were more sensitive to Zn than As in water-only tests, which is in agreement with previous studies evaluating the toxicity of these metals to aquatic oligochaetes. Sublethal effects were generally noted at concentrations lower than those leading to mortality. The warmwater oligochaete B. sowerbyi was more sensitive to both metals tested than the coldwater species T. tubifex.

Conclusions

Study findings support the need for using indigenous tropical species in risk assessments in the tropics. In addition, sublethal effect parameters should be included in toxicity testing with aquatic oligochaetes.

     

Effects of past and current crop management on soil microbial biomass and activity

Because soil biota is influenced by a number of factors, including land use and management techniques, changing management practices could have significant effects on the soil microbial properties and processes. An experiment was conducted to investigate differences in soil microbiological properties caused by long- and short-term management practices. Intact monolith lysimeters (0.2 m² surface area) were taken from two sites of the same soil type that had been under long-term organic or conventional crop management and were then subjected to the same 2.5-year crop rotation [winter barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), maize (Zea mais L.), lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.), and rape (Brassica napus L. ssp. oleifera)] and two fertilizer regimes (following common organic and conventional practices). Soil samples were taken after crop harvest and analyzed for microbial biomass C and N, microbial activity (fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis, arginine deaminase activity, and dehydrogenase activity), and total C and N. The incorporation of the green manure stimulated growth and activity of the microbial communities in soils of both management histories. Soil microbial properties did not show any differences between organically and conventionally fertilized soils, indicating that crop rotation and plant type had a larger influence on the microbial biomass and enzyme activities than fertilization. Initial differences in microbial biomass declined, while the effects of farm management history were still evident in enzyme activities and total C and N. Links between enzyme activities and microbial biomass C varied depending on treatment, indicating differences in microbial community composition.     

Estimation of detection probability in aerial surveys of antarctic pack-ice seals

We use line transect detection functions together with generalized linear and additive models to estimate detection probability when detection on the line (“g(0)”) may not be certain. The methods provide a flexible way of modeling detection probability for independent observer surveys, and for investigating the effects of explanatory variables. Analysis of data from an aerial survey of pack-ice seals produced g(0) estimates substantially below 1 for some observers (it varied from 0.80 to 0.98), demonstrated a fairly complex dependence of detection probability on covariates, and showed negative correlation between observers’ search width and their g(0). In addition to illustrating the utility of generalized additive models for capturing the effect of covariates on detection probability, the analysis suggests that detection functions may be sufficiently variable that use of g(0) correction factors obtained from other surveys would be inadvisable. We recommend that estimation of g(0) be considered for all aerial surveys; if g(0) is found to be very close to 1, estimation from subsequent surveys under the assumption that it is 1 may be reasonable, but without any estimation of g(0), the assumption that it is 1 is a matter of faith.     

Conservation in a changing world: <Emphasis Type="Italic">in situ</Emphasis> conservation of the giant maize of Jala

Using survey data from Jala, Mexico, this case-study evaluates in situ maize conservation of the variety ‘Jala’ (Zea mays L.). Though historically ‘Jala’ was the dominant variety grown in the valley of Jala, today less than 20% of farmers grow it on only 5% of the maize area. Younger growers of the ‘Jala’ variety specialize in it, growing relatively large amounts for niche markets. Older, diversified farmers grow small areas for household use and to compete in a local contest. Conservation of the ‘Jala’ variety has been heavily influenced by shifting ideal concepts of maize, as determined by market and consumption demands and by a contest designed to promote in situ conservation. The current move away from nationalized purchasing may favor ‘Jala’s’ continued conservation.     

Diversity in White Lupin (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Lupinus albus</Emphasis> L.) Landraces from Northwest Iberianplateau

All the accessions (35) of white lupin (Lupinus albus L.) landraces collected from northwest Iberian plateau and maintained at the Spanish germplasm collection (CRF of INIA), were studied with the general objective of assessing the biodiversity of these landraces and to ascertain their value as genetic resources for the development of germplasm adapted to the areas where they were collected with long and chilly winters. The characterization study comprised 51 qualitative and 50 quantitative characters. Quantitative parameters were analyzed by Principal Components Analysis (PCA). The 2-dimensional plot (49.3% of cumulative variability) formed a main group of accessions and 4 outliers (#1, #9, #27 and #28) separated in the first PC. The characters with a higher contribution to the first PC were inflorescence length, leaf petiole length and leaf central foliole area. The presence of alkaloids, the percentage of plants killed by soil borne fungal diseases, the phenology, the yield per plant and yield components were also assessed. Twenty six accessions (the main group in the PCA plot) showed high homogeneity, with the following highlights: bitterness, indeterminate growth habit, early ripeness and spring sowing with the exception of #18, in which seeding date is unknown and it had a later phenology. By contrast accessions #9 and #27 were bitter of autumn sowing with determinate growing habit and they had the longest values of primary inflorescence length and a later phenology when they were sown in spring. Average values for yield and yield components showed a broad range of variation between accessions. The main yield component was the number of pods per plant. Accession #22 had the highest mean seed mass, although this had not significant influence in yield. Accession #17 showed the highest yield and #1 the lowest. This last also had the lowest values of inflorescence length, leaf petiole length and leaf central foliole area. No significant differences of resistance to soil-borne fungi were found between accessions. The year had a significant effect in the phenology, yield and yield components except for number of seeds per pod. The studied material might be of interest for the development of spring sowing germplasm adapted to north Iberian peninsula.     

Evidence of Lower Productivity in Long Term Limed Lakes as Compared to Unlimed Lakes of Similar pH

Ecosystem development in lime-treated waters in Sweden has been followed since 1989 in a programme for integrated studies of the effects of liming acidified waters (ISELAW). Observations after prolonged liming (>10 y) indicate a phosphorus depletion in the limed lakes which contrasts to the increased phosphorus supply often following within the initial years after lime treatment. After prolonged liming, the levels of total phosphorus are lower as compared to neutral reference lakes at identical TOC, and the phosphorus/TOC -ratio is consequently lower in limed lakes. Depletion of dissolved inorganic nitrogen during the summer is also lower in limed as compared to neutral reference lakes. Phytoplankton biomass and species number also lower in the limed lakes as compared to unlimed neutral references. Furthermore the bacterial number per unit TOC is lower in the long term limed lakes, possibly as a result of phosphorus limitation. As to the higher trophic levels, the benthic soft-bottom fauna of limed lakes (specifically the sublittoral fauna) is poorer in terms of species diversity and abundance. Also fish community composition indicates lower productivity in the limed lakes. Taken together there is thus evidence that the long term limed lakes have a lower trophic level than reference lakes.     

Evaluating estimators of the numbers of females with cubs-of-the-year in the yellowstone grizzly bear population

Current management of the grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) population in Yellowstone National Park and surrounding areas requires annual estimation of the number of adult female bears with cubs-of-the-year. We examined the performance of nine estimators of population size via simulation. Data were simulated using two methods for different combinations of population size, sample size, and coefficient of variation of individual sighting probabilities. We show that the coefficient of variation does not, by itself, adequately describe the effects of capture heterogeneity, because two different distributions of capture probabilities can have the same coefficient of variation. All estimators produced biased estimates of population size with bias decreasing as effort in creased. Based on the simulation results we recommend the Chao estimator for model M _h be used to estimate the number of the female bears with cubs of the year; however, the estimator of Chao and Shen may also be useful depending on the goals of the research.     

The simultaneous analysis of mixed discrete and continuous outcomes using nonlinear threshold models

Mixed discrete and continuous outcomes are commonly measured on each experimental unit in dose-response studies in toxicology. The dose-response relationships for these outcomes often have dose thresholds and nonlinear patterns. In addition, the endpoints are typically correlated, and a statistical analysis that incorporates the association may result in improved precision. We propose an extension of the generalized estimating equation (GEE) methodology to simultaneously analyze binary, count, and continuous outcomes with nonlinear threshold models that incorporates the intra-subject correlation. The methodology uses a quasi-likelihood framework and a working correlation matrix, and is appropriate when the marginal expectation of each outcome is of primary interest and the correlation between endpoints is a nuisance parameter. Because the derivatives of threshold models are not continuous at each point of the parameter space, we describe the necessary modifications that result in asymptotically normal and consistent estimators. Using dose-response data from a neurotoxicity experiment, the methodology is illustrated by analyzing five outcomes of mixed type with nonlinear threshold models. In this example, the incorporation of the intra-subject correlation resulted in decreased standard errors for the threshold parameters.     

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer application rates on nitrate nitrogen distribution in saline soil in the Hai River Basin,China

Background and Objectives  

Soil nitrate nitrogen (NO₃ ⁻-N) accumulation is related closely to NO₃ ⁻ leaching, which is an important issue in groundwater pollution, especially in intensive agricultural areas with saline soils where volumes of water are used in irrigation to avoid salt accumulation in the root zone. However, in the saline environment in Hai River Basin, China, the importance of detailed research into NO₃ ⁻-N distribution in the root zone has not been adequately recognized. Considering the impacts of eco-environmental system N and crop production, the present study aimed at contributing to an understanding of the effects of N application rate on soil NO₃ ⁻-N distribution, NO₃ ⁻-N residue, N loss, and maize (Zea mays L.) yield in this region.