A Spatially Resolved X-ray Image of a Star Like the Sun

Observations made with the x-ray satellite ROSAT (Roentgen Satellite) have produced the first spatially resolved x-ray image of a corona around a star like our sun. The star is the secondary in the eclipsing binary system alpha Coronae Borealis (CrB), which consists of one star of spectral type A0V and one of type G5V. The x-ray light curve of alpha CrB shows a total x-ray eclipse during secondary optical minimum, with the G star behind the A star. The totality of the eclipse demonstrates that the A-type component in alpha CrB is x-ray dark and that the x-ray flux arises exclusively from the later-type companion. The x-ray eclipse ingress and egress are highly asymmetric compared with the optical eclipse, indicating a highly asymmetric x-ray intensity distribution on the surface of the G star. From a detailed modeling of the ingress and egress of the x-ray light curve, an eclipse map of the G star was constructed by a method based on an optimization by simulated annealing.     

Surface ices and the atmospheric composition of pluto

Observations of the 1.4- to 2.4-micrometer spectrum of Pluto reveal absorptions of carbon monoxide and nitrogen ices and confirm the presence of solid methane. Frozen nitrogen is more abundant than the other two ices by a factor of about 50; gaseous nitrogen must therefore be the major atmospheric constituent. The absence of carbon dioxide absorptions is one of several differences between the spectra of Pluto and Triton in this region. Both worlds carry information about the composition of the solar nebula and the processes by which icy planetesimals formed.     

Thermohaline fine structure in an oceanographic front from seismic reflection profiling

We present acoustic images of oceanic thermohaline structure created from marine seismic reflection profiles across the major oceanographic front between the Labrador Current and the North Atlantic Current. The images show that distinct water masses can be mapped, and their internal structure imaged, using low-frequency acoustic reflections from sound speed contrasts at interfaces across which temperature changes. The warm/cold front is characterized by east-dipping reflections generated by thermohaline intrusions in the uppermost 1000 meters of the ocean. Our results imply that marine seismic reflection techniques can provide excellent spatial resolution of important oceanic phenomena, including thermohaline intrusions, internal waves, and eddies.     

Differences between tight and loose cultures: a 33-nation study

With data from 33 nations, we illustrate the differences between cultures that are tight (have many strong norms and a low tolerance of deviant behavior) versus loose (have weak social norms and a high tolerance of deviant behavior). Tightness-looseness is part of a complex, loosely integrated multilevel system that comprises distal ecological and historical threats (e.g., high population density, resource scarcity, a history of territorial conflict, and disease and environmental threats), broad versus narrow socialization in societal institutions (e.g., autocracy, media regulations), the strength of everyday recurring situations, and micro-level psychological affordances (e.g., prevention self-guides, high regulatory strength, need for structure). This research advances knowledge that can foster cross-cultural understanding in a world of increasing global interdependence and has implications for modeling cultural change.     

Monitoringergebnisse der Schnellk?fergattung Agriotes (Elateridae, Coleoptera) in den Jahren 2008 bis 2010 in Rheinland-Pfalz

During the years 2008 to 2010 beetles of the genus Agriotes were monitored by means of pheromone traps in Rhineland-Palatinate. Each trap contained the female sexual pheromone of either Agriotes obscurus, A. sordidus, A. lineatus, A. sputator, or A. ustulatus. Beetles of these species could be caught, additionally also specimens of the species A. gallicus, A. acuminatus, and A. pilosellus. Specimens of A. brevis and A. proximus could not be caught, not even in traps with pheromones according to their species. The high frequency of A. sputator in the Upper Rhine Valley and mild river valleys was surprising. This might be an explanation for the increasing damages especially in potatoes during the past seven years. Also the species A. ustulatus occurred mainly in the Rhine Valley. The species A. obscurus was found predominantly in higher altitudes, A. lineatus and A. sputator appeared in the whole area, with varying frequencies. In all, we could determine the composition of Agriotes-species in 27 fields. In two fields traps were exposed in two subsequent years, in one field in three years. The changes in the populations are shown. The beetles collected in some fields were compared with the according wireworms.     

Beta-amylase degradation by serine endoproteinases from green barley malt

Proteolytic degradation of barley proteins is examined in green (unkilned) malt and germinating seeds from Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Harrington. Zymographic analysis of the Harrington green malt extracts using commercial preparations of barley beta-amylase incorporated as a proteolytic substrate in 2-D SDS gels shows multiple proteolytic activities. A developmental study shows that the several green malt beta-amylase-degrading activities appear at around day 2 of germination. The several activities appear to increase and decrease through 7 days of germination in a coordinated fashion. Gels treated with class-specific proteinase inhibitors show that serine-class proteinase activities are responsible for barley beta-amylase degradation seen on the zymograms. Western blot analysis also shows that proteolytic enzymes recovered from 1-D electrophoretic gels degrade barley beta-amylase, and that the degradation is inhibited by PMSF. This is the first demonstration that malt proteinases are capable of degrading important metabolic enzymes in germinating barley, and the first postulated physiological role for the serine class proteinases in barley malt.     

Fish and their significance from the international and Swiss viewpoints

In landlocked countries, the role of fish is often poorly known and/or propagated. In many countries fish represent the biggest and qualitatively most valuable protein source (24% of the worldwide available animal protein) for human consumption. At present the economic significance of the production and trade of fish is already very high. However, according to FAO, the future demand of proteins can only be covered by a considerable expansion of the aquaculture production, in particular because of a stagnated fish catch and a continuous reduction of the agricultural production. The ideational value of ornamental fish appears obvious however pet fish keeping represents also a value worth of many millions US dollars worldwide. Finally the importance of fish will not only increase for economic, but certainly also for ecological reasons, because it is well established as an incorruptible bioindicator of our environment.     

Carbon isotope constraints on the deglacial CO₂ rise from ice cores

The stable carbon isotope ratio of atmospheric CO(2) (δ(13)C(atm)) is a key parameter in deciphering past carbon cycle changes. Here we present δ(13)C(atm) data for the past 24,000 years derived from three independent records from two Antarctic ice cores. We conclude that a pronounced 0.3 per mil decrease in δ(13)C(atm) during the early deglaciation can be best explained by upwelling of old, carbon-enriched waters in the Southern Ocean. Later in the deglaciation, regrowth of the terrestrial biosphere, changes in sea surface temperature, and ocean circulation governed the δ(13)C(atm) evolution. During the Last Glacial Maximum, δ(13)C(atm) and atmospheric CO(2) concentration were essentially constant, which suggests that the carbon cycle was in dynamic equilibrium and that the net transfer of carbon to the deep ocean had occurred before then.