扁桃花芽形态分化的时间及细胞学特征观察

1999年5月至2000年4月对喀什地区4个扁桃主栽品种花芽分化过程进行观察研究，结果表明：6月初开始进入花芽形态分化期，扁桃花芽形态分化可分为花芽分化初期、花萼分化期、花瓣分化期、雄蕊分化期、雌蕊分化期5个时期。各品种完成形态分化所需时间为110～125d，品种间和品种内的不同花芽进入形态分化的时间有较大差异，但分化晚的花芽分化速度较快。果实成熟前，花芽分化进程较慢，处于花芽分化初期，果实成熟后，分化进程加快。     

日粮色氨酸水平对仔猪生产性能和血液生化指标影响的研究

在赖氨酸/蛋氨酸+胱氨酸/苏氨酸/异亮氨酸比例为100:68:65:59的玉米—玉米蛋白粉基础日粮中,添加合成的 L-色氨酸构成5种色氨酸(TRP)水平的日粮(TRP 水平分别为0.125%、0.155%、0.180%、0.215%和0.24%)。将35头太湖母猪与长白公猪的杂交仔猪在35日龄断奶时,随机分为5组,分别饲喂上述为同 TRP 水平的日粮,饲养期长达30天。结果表明,日粮(TRP)水平显著影响仔猪的日均耗料量(ADFI)、日均增重(ADG)和饲料转化率(FCR)。TRP 水平为0.215%时,仔猪生长性能最好。TRP 水平为0.24%时仔猪的生长性能与0.215%时差异不显著(P>0.05)。TRP 水平在0.125%～0.215%范围内,仔猪 ADG、ADFI 与 TRP 水平呈正相关,回归方程分别为:ADG(g)=2.57 TRP(mg/kg)-80.21,(r=0.99,P<0.01);ADFI(g)=2.49 TRP(mg/kg)+220.31,(r=0.95,P>0.05);FCR 与日粮 TRP 水平呈显著负相关,回归方程为:FCR=2.877-5.668 TRP(%),(r=0.945,P<0.01).血清尿素氮(SUN)含量与日粮 TRP 水平呈负相关,回归方程为 SUN=19.47-34.35TRP(%),(r=0.95,P<0.05)。从仔猪生长性能和 SUN 两项指标确定 TRP 在理想氨基酸模式中的相应值分别为18和20。在 TRP 水平0.125%～0.215%范围内,血清碱性磷酸酶活性与 TRP 水平呈现正相关,在0.215%时最高;TRP 水平在0.24%时与0.215%时差异不显著(P>0.05)。日粮 TRP 水平对血清谷丙转氨酶(GPT)和谷草转氨酶(GOT)活性无显著影响(P>0.05)。日粮 TRP 水平对血清总蛋白含量无显著影响,而血清蛋白含量随 TRP 水平升高而增加,在0.215%时最高。血清蛋白质系数(A/G)在各 TRP 水平间有显著差异(P<0.05),日粮中 TRP 含量在0.125%时,A/G显著降低(P<0.05),A/G 在 TRP 水平为0.215%时最高,TRP 在0.125%～0.215%之间,A/G 呈现线性递增,回归方程为:A/G=9.34TRP(%)+0.956,r=0.98,P<0.05),而 TRP 水平为0.24%与0.215%的两组 A/G 无显著差异(P>0.05)。     

Construction and evaluation of introgression lines and fine mapping of ehd8 from Jinghong common wild rice (Oryza rufipogon)

Heading date is one of the most important traits in rice and regulated by multiple genes. Common wild rice is the ancestor of Asian cultivated rice and harbours abundant genetic diversity. To use wild rice resource in rice breeding, a set of 154 introgression lines (ILs) covering 93% of the genome of Jinghong common wild rice was constructed in the background 'Teqing', using 208 simple sequence repeat markers evenly distributed on 12 chromosomes. Among the ILs, the line JIL64 displayed late heading independent of photoperiod. Genetic analysis using the two F₂ populations crossed ''Teqing'/JIL64 and JIL64/'Teqing' revealed that late flowering was controlled by a recessive gene on chromosome 8 (designated early heading date 8, ehd8), and ehd8 was fine mapped to the 50‐kb region flanked by markers RM22221 and 64Indel4. Sequencing and qRT‐PCR demonstrated that LOC_Os08g01410 and LOC_Os08g01420 were deleted in JIL64 and may be associated with the late heading of Jinghong common wild rice. These findings lay a practical foundation for characterizing ehd8, and the ILs help to mine genes from Jinghong common wild rice.     

Comparative analysis of different methods revealing the involvement of proteins during ageing of rice seeds

Seed longevity is a very important characteristic controlling seed quality. However, the mechanism underlying this characteristic is poorly understood. In this study, 'FH7185', a storable rice variety, the germination rate of which was 66.63%, much higher than the control after artificial ageing under relative humidity 88% and 42°C for 21 days. Different methods were applied to reveal the involvement of proteins during ageing of rice seeds. In total, 35 differential proteins were identified from 2D‐PAGE, and 3,719 proteins from iTRAQ analysis. A comparison of these two methods showed that not all protein types could be detected on the 2D‐PAGE gels, and the dynamic range was somewhat limited. So the comprehensive proteome map from the iTRAQ analysis was used to identify the quantitatively regulated proteins that played roles in seed longevity, and found that the most marked change was the increased abundance of many metabolic enzymes, especially the ones involved in α‐linolenic acid metabolism in the embryos during ageing. OsLOX2 and OsLOX3 had a negative effect on seed longevity, which were lower in FH7185 than the control. The dehydrogenase (LOC_Os07g44430) which played a major catalytic role in lipid peroxidation, also changed significantly during ageing. Therefore, OsLOX2, OsLOX3 and Loc_OS 07G44430 may be involved in the regulation of seed longevity with a synergistic effect.     

Comparative analysis of genetic effects of wheat‐Dasypyrum villosum translocations T6V#2S·6AL and T6V#4S·6DL

Wheat‐Dasypyrum villosum translocations T6V#2S·6AL and T6V#4S·6DL, carriers of Pm21 and PmV, respectively, confer high resistance to wheat powdery mildew. For better understanding of the difference in genetic effect between them, a RIL population was constructed based on the cross between “Yangmai 18” carrying T6V#2S·6AL and “Yangmai 22” carrying T6V#4S·6DL. Analysis of distribution of the translocations showed that T6V#2S·6AL is much more transmittable than T6V#4S·6DL. By comparing their effects on main agronomic traits, we firstly found that T6V#2S·6AL contributes greatly to top spikelet fecundity, but causes a decrease of 6.7%–10.5% of spike number. No stable effects of T6V#4S·6DL on agronomic traits were found, except for positive effect on plant height. Excitingly, a new recombinant, T6V#4S‐6V#2S·6AL carrying PmV, was screened and proved to have a higher transmission rate than the original translocation T6V#4S·6DL, which will greatly promote the utilization of PmV. The above conclusions of this research will provide important guidance for utilization of Pm21 and PmV more effectively, in wheat powdery mildew resistance breeding.     

红花种子质量分级标准研究

[目的]通过对不同产地红花种子质量分析,为红花种子质量标准的制定提供参考和依据。[方法]参照《农作物种子检验规程》,以9份不同产地红花种子为材料,进行净度、千粒重、发芽率、品种纯度、水分的测定,利用K值聚类分析对各指标进行分级。[结果]红花种子质量等级可分为三级,其中发芽率和含水量作为质量分级的主要指标,千粒重、净度和品种纯度作为质量分级的参考指标。[结论]此法制定的红花种子质量分级标准科学可行,可为红花种子质量标准的制定提供重要参考依据。     

干旱胁迫对不同藜麦种子萌发及生理特性的影响

为研究不同干旱程度对不同藜麦种子萌发及幼苗生长期耐旱性的影响,以忻藜1号（黑藜）、忻藜2号（白藜）和忻藜3号（红藜）为材料,采用培养皿萌发、土培育苗的方法,设置6个PEG 6000浓度梯度（0、5%、10%、15%、20%、25%）,对3种藜麦的种子和幼苗进行处理,测定其种子发芽率、发芽势、下胚轴长、根长等指标和幼苗脯氨酸含量、丙二醛（MDA）含量、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性和过氧化物酶（POD）活性等生理指标。结果表明：（1）随着PEG 6000浓度的升高,藜麦种子的发芽势、发芽率、下胚轴长和根长都呈现逐渐降低的趋势,用回归分析求得白藜半致死PEG 6000干旱胁迫浓度为20.02%,黑藜为20.25%,红藜为24.70%;（2）随着PEG 6000浓度的升高,3种藜麦幼苗SOD和POD活性都呈先升后降的趋势;MDA和脯氨酸含量与干旱胁迫程度呈显著正相关关系。由此可得,红藜耐旱性最强,黑藜次之,白藜最差。     

分子标记技术在工业大麻性别分化研究中的应用进展

工业大麻性别表达影响着工业大麻种子、纤维和药用成分产量,其性别表达除了受到遗传物质控制外,还受到外界环境条件的影响,这种复杂性使得性别研究一直是工业大麻研究的难点和热点。分子标记技术能在DNA水平上鉴定工业大麻性别,开发与工业大麻性别紧密连锁的分子标记可为大麻性别早期鉴定和特定性别分子辅助选择育种提供理论依据。本文就分子标记在工业大麻性别研究中的应用进展进行了总结,并对应用前景进行了展望。     

陆地棉衣分性状的主基因-多基因遗传分析

【目的】衣分是决定棉花产量的重要因素之一,有关其遗传研究相对较少,解析衣分性状遗传的特点,明确不同环境下衣分对产量形成的贡献机制。【方法】以国审优质棉中棉所70为基础构建的250个RIL(Recombinant inbred lines)群体,在黄河流域、长江流域和西北内陆棉区9个环境下对该RIL群体及其亲本进行了表型鉴定,并利用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型综合研究衣分性状遗传变化特点。【结果】母本s GK中156衣分性状在9个环境下均大于父本901-001,RIL群体衣分分布范围为33.91%～40.18%,平均为38.01%,表现为双向超亲,偏度和峰度绝对值都小于1.0,呈正态分布,变异系数为5.36%～8.17%;不同环境下衣分表现为西北内陆棉区>黄河流域棉区>长江流域棉区的趋势;遗传模型是以2～4对主基因或2对主基因+多基因遗传控制,主基因遗传率在1.26%～83.13%,多基因遗传率在27.35%～90.83%,主基因+多基因遗传率在92.00%～99.35%,一般情况下衣分是以2对主基因+多基因遗传为主,在2015年河南安阳、2016年河南安阳和2016年山东临清环境下以2～4对主基因遗传,遗传效应较高,在2015年河南安阳环境下最多检测到4对主基因的存在。【结论】衣分性状主基因+多基因遗传率大于90%,结果有助于进一步阐明优质棉中棉所70产量性状衣分的遗传特征,为不同生态区条件下相互引种和推广提供科学依据,为提高棉花产量、农民增收、QTL定位和高衣分品种选育提供理论基础。     

温度对小果博落回种子萌发的影响与血根碱合成基因表达分析

博落回属植物属于罂粟科,包括两个种:博落回Macleaya cordata (Willd.) R. Br.与小果博落回Macleaya microcarpa (Maxim.) Fedde.。博落回属植物中含有一些重要的药用活性成分。一些包含博落回提取物的产品广泛用于饲料添加剂和其他领域。当前对于博落回属植物资源的研究主要集中于博落回,而对小果博落回资源的研究较少。主要是由于小果博落回无菌苗较难获取,使得遗传转化等方面的研究很难进行。本研究在5个不同温度下筛选出小果博落回最优的萌发温度,并且分析了3个不同时期的小果博落回无菌苗中血根碱合成相关基因的表达情况。除此以外,还比较了同一时期的小果博落回与博落回的根、茎、叶组织中的血根碱合成相关基因的表达情况,为下一步小果博落回的资源开发提供了前期研究基础。