湖南高望界自然保护区野菜资源调查及其开发利用

通过野外调查和民间走访,对高望界自然保护区种子植物野菜资源进行调查与统计,提出该区野菜资源开发和利用存在的问题。初步调查到该区种子植物野菜类共有163种(含变种),隶属54科153属,分别占湘西地区野菜科、属、种总数的42.2%、64.7%和33.6%。其中菊科、蝶形花科等7个大科的种数占总种数的40.49%。春季采食的野菜有130种,秋、夏、冬季的种数分别为48、35、10。叶菜类有128种,茎、根、种子和花类分别为44、15、15和12种;生长在路旁、草地的野菜分别占35.48%和23.23%。科的地理成分中热带性质占27.78%、温带性质占14.81%;属的地理成分中世界分布属占18.30%,温带分布属占53.60%,中国特有分布属占8.5%。小根蒜、鸭儿芹、豆腐柴是当地人们最常食用的特色野菜。根据高望界野菜植物资源的蕴藏量、开发利用价值及利用现状,提出了开发利用的建议。高望界野菜资源丰富,对其合理地开发利用有利当地的经济发展。     

Inheritance and detoxification enzyme levels in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tetranychus urticae</Emphasis> Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) strain selected with chlorpyrifos

Changes in insecticide susceptibilities and detoxifying enzyme activities were measured in a strain of Tetranychus urticae Koch following repeated exposure to the organophosphate insecticide, chlorpyrifos. Twelve consecutive selection at the LC₆₀ of the parental strain increased resistance from 8.58 to 91.45 fold. The interaction of some synergists [piperonyl butoxide, triphenyl phosphate and S-benzyl-O,O-diisopropyl phosphorothioate (IBP)] with chlorpyrifos was analyzed in the selected strain. Solely IBP showed a low synergistic effect with chlorpyrifos. The selected strain also demonstrated resistance against abamectin, propargite, clofentezine and fenpyroximate. The mode of resistance inheritance to chlorpyrifos was found to be incompletely dominant, and not sex-linked. Non-specific esterase enzyme activity was raised from 19.35 to 33.59 mOD/min/mg proteins during the selection period and it was observed that esterase band intensities visualized by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis increased. This study has investigated the selection of resistance to chlorpyrifos and documented resistance to abamectin, propargite, clofentezine and fenpyroximate in Turkish T. urticae. Esterase enzymes may be playing a role in chlorpyrifos resistance while glutathione S-transferase (GST) and P450 enzymes do not appear to have any significant involvement.     

Positive nitrogen balance of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acacia mangium</Emphasis> woodlots as fallows in the Philippines based on <Superscript>15</Superscript>N natural abundance data of N<Subscript>2</Subscript> fixation

Nitrogen inputs from biological nitrogen fixation contribute to productivity and sustainability of agroforestry systems but they need to be able to offset export of N when trees are harvested. This study assessed magnitudes of biological nitrogen fixation (natural ¹⁵N abundance) and N balance of Acacia mangium woodlots grown in farmer’s fields, and determined if N₂ fixation capacity was affected by tree age. Tree biomass, standing litter, understory vegetation and soil samplings were conducted in 15 farmer’s fields growing A. mangium as a form of sequential agroforestry in Claveria, Misamis Oriental, Philippines. The trees corresponded to ages of 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 years, and were replicated three times. Samples from different plant parts and soils (0–100 cm) were collected and analyzed for δ¹⁵N and nutrients. The B-value, needed as a reference of isotopic discrimination when fully reliant on atmospheric N, was generated by growing A. mangium in an N₂-free sand culture in the glasshouse. Isotopic discrimination occurring during N₂ fixation and metabolic processes indicated variation of δ¹⁵N values in the order of nodules > old leaves > young leaves > stems > litterfall and roots of the trees grown in the field, with values ranging from −0.8 to 3.5‰ except nodules which were enriched and significantly different from other plant parts (P < 0.0001). Isotopic discrimination was not affected by tree age (P > 0.05). Plants grown in N free sand culture exhibited the same pattern of isotopic discrimination as plants grown in the field. The estimated B-value for the whole plant of A. mangium was −0.86‰. Mature tree stands of 12 years accumulated up to 1994 kg N ha⁻¹ in aboveground biomass. Average proportion of N derived from N₂ fixation of A. mangium was 54% (±22) and was not affected by age (P > 0.05). Average yearly quantities of N₂ fixed were 128 kg N ha⁻¹ in above-ground biomass amounting to 1208 kg N fixed ha⁻¹ over 12 years. Harvest of 12-year old trees removed approximately 91% of standing aboveground biomass from the site as timber and fuel wood. The resulting net N balance was +151 kg N ha⁻¹ derived from remaining leaves, twigs, standing litter, and +562 kg N ha⁻¹ when tree roots were included in the calculation. The fast growing A. mangium appears to be a viable fallow option for managing N in these systems. However, other nutrients have to be replaced by using part of the timber and fuel wood sales to compensate for large amounts of nutrient removed in order for the system to be sustainable.     

Achieving food and nutritional security through agroforestry: a case of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Faidherbia albida</Emphasis> in sub-Saharan Africa

Faidherbia albida is an ideal agroforestry tree commonly intercropped with annual crops like millet and groundnuts in the dry and densely populated areas of Africa. With its peculiar reverse phenology, it makes growth demands at a different time from that of crops. In addition, it deposits great amount of organic fertilizer on food crops. Leaves entering soils are comparable to fertilization of almost 50 t·ha 1 ·year 1 of manure in dense stands of 50 large trees per ha. These nutrients help maximize agricultural production and reduce the need for a fallow period on poorer soils. Research has shown that millet grown under F. albida yielded 2.5 and 3.4 fold increases in grain and protein, respectively. Animals eat pods which contain mean amounts of crude protein of 20.63% and carbohydrate of 40.1% in seeds. Moreover, the continued existence of F. albida in agroforestry parklands as in Ethiopia and Mali signifies the success of traditional conservation measures. Modern scientists have also developed much interest in the role of agroforestry in maintaining long-term biological balance between agriculture and livestock production systems. To ensure food security, which still remains a major challenge in sub-Saharan Africa, and concurrently minimize environmental degradation, promotion of agroforestry that specifically involves indigenous trees is crucial. We discuss the prospective role of F. albida in alleviating poverty while simultaneously protecting the environment from factors associated with, for example, deforestation and loss of biodiversity. The overall aim is to promote wide-scale adoption of F. albida as a valuable tree crop in farming systems, particularly in those areas where it remains unexploited.     

Evaluating the durability of wood-based panels using internal bond strength results from accelerated aging treatments

In this study, the durability of wood-based panels was evaluated by comparing the internal bond (IB) strength retention after five different laboratory-based accelerated aging tests with the IB retention after 5 years of outdoor exposure in Shizuoka City. In each accelerated aging test, the IB retention of MDI-bonded panels showed high retention compared to other panels. Outdoor exposure in Shizuoka City resulted in an IB retention value for particleboard (PF) and oriented strandboard (aspen) of less than 10% after the 5-year exposure period. Medium-density fiberboards maintained their initial IB strength over the same period. Calculation of the mean IB retention for all board types allowed comparison of the severity of aging between the accelerated test methods and outdoor exposure. The ASTM six-cycle test method was the most severe among the standard treatment cycles applied.     

尖峰岭野生灵芝和人工栽培灵芝菌丝多糖含量比较

灵芝菌丝多糖是灵芝的主要活性成分之一。采用醇沉水提法提取灵芝菌丝多糖,并用蒽酮一硫酸法测定不同菌株灵芝分别在不同制种阶段的多糖含量。结果表明：这三种灵芝菌株的菌丝多糖含量均是一级种比二级种高,二级种比三级种高;一级种和二级种的菌丝多糖含量均是野生灵芝比人工栽培灵芝高;三级种菌丝多糖含量,野生灵芝和人工栽培灵芝菌丝多糖含...     

择伐对小兴安岭地区针阔混交林土壤呼吸温度敏感性的影响

利用LI8100土壤二氧化碳排放通量全自动测量系统,测定小兴安岭地区针阔混交林不同强度择伐后4年的林地土壤呼吸速率和土壤温度。运用Q10模型分析择伐后林地土壤呼吸速率对土壤温度的敏感性。结果表明:择伐后林地Q10值高于未采伐林地,较高强度(60%,71%)的择伐使土壤呼吸速率对土壤温度具有高的敏感性。这一现象是3个土壤各组分呼吸对土壤温度响应综合作用的结果。枯枝落叶层呼吸速率对土壤温度的敏感性较差,根呼吸速率和矿质土壤层呼吸速率对土壤温度的敏感性较高。     

不同酿造工艺对树莓酒中单体酚的影响

为提高树莓酒品质,采用4种传统工艺和CO2浸渍工艺进行小容器(10L)树莓干酒的酿造,测定各种酒中单体酚。结果表明:CO2浸渍法酿制的树莓干酒中除芦丁外,其他酚类物质均要高于传统酿造法酿制的树莓干酒。2年陈酿的11%(v/v)干型树莓酒与未经陈酿的11%(v/v)干型树莓酒相比,阿魏酸、香豆酸和芦丁含量有所下降,水杨酸含量基本未发生变化,其余均有不同程度提高,特别是陈酿过程中槲皮素和安息香酸增量明显。高酒度利口酒芦丁含量远低于其他酒类,且有芦丁含量随酒度增高而降低的趋势。与传统工艺相比,CO2浸渍酿造的酒更适合酚类物质的转化,陈酿过程有利于芦丁含量下降,进一步改善酒的风味,实现口感的平衡。     

钢筒套箍内灌浆加固立柱试验研究

建筑物在使用过程中,由于各种灾害和人为损伤等原因,结构功能退化,必须及时予以加固。针对立柱的加固,常用的方法均存在一定的局限性,故而本项目主要研究钢筒套箍内灌浆加固立柱,该加固方法施工简单,便于操作,占用空间小,不影响装修,加固后方柱试件混凝土的承压强度增加了3.1倍,圆柱试件混凝土的承压强度增加了1.3倍。     

我国林药、林菌产业发展效益分析

林药林菌产业发展是我国当前林下经济发展中的重点。本文主要就社会、生态和经济效益等方面进行了系统分析,从而说明林药林菌产业发展的必要性。