Integrated tick and tick-borne disease control trials in crossbred dairy cattle in Malawi

Summary Crossbred dairy heifers on a farm in an East Coast fever (ECF) endemic area in Malawi were immunised againstTheileria parva, Anaplasma spp.,Babesia bigemina, Babesia bovis andCowdria ruminantium. They were treated at infrequent intervals with chlorfenvinphos to limit infestation with adult ticks, without providing complete tick control. In one trial, which tested a threshold dipping regimen, 20 heifers were dipped only once in 6 months to control a flush ofBoophilus microplus. Unimmunised controls showed serological evidence of exposure toT. parva andB. bigemina, and one died of ECF, but there were no incidents of tick-borne disease in the immunised group. In a second trial, which tested a strategic dipping regimen, 107 animals were dipped 9 times over a 6 month period. Despite heavy challenge byB. bovis and moderate challenge byB. bigemina andAnaplasma spp, demonstrated serologically, there was only a single clinical case of babesiosis. The observations provide encouragement for the introduction of integrated tick and tick-borne disease control programmes in improved cattle in ECF endemic areas.

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Sistemas Integrados De Control De Garrapatas Y Enfermedades Transmitidas Por Garrapatas En Ganado Vacuno Lechero Cruzado En Malawi

Resumen Se inmunizaron terneras lecheras cruzadas frente aTheileria parva, Anaplasma spp.,Babesia bigemina, Babesia bovis yCowdria ruminantium. El experimento se realizó en una granja situada en una zona de Malawi en la que la fiebre de la costa este es endémica. Los animales se trataron de forma infrecuente con clorfenvinfos para limitar la carga de garrapatas adultas, pero no se llevó a cabo ningún programa completo de control de garrapatas. El primer ensayo tuvo como objetivo determinar la frecuencia minima de baños antigarrapata. Un total de 20 terneras recibieron un único baño a lo largo de 6 meses para controlar un aumento en la carga deBoophilus microplus. Los animales control que no habían sido inmunizados mostraron evidencia serológica de exposición aTheileria parva y uno de ellos murió de fiebre de la costa este. Sin embargo, en el grupo de animales inmunizados no se detectó ningún caso de enfermedad transmitida por garrapatas. El segundo experimento tuvo como objetivo comprobar la eficacia de un programa estratégico de baños antigarrapata. Un total de 107 animales fueron bañados 9 veces a lo largo de 6 meses. Si bien se demostró serológicamente una fuerte infestación porBabesia bovis y una infestación moderada porB. bigemina yAnaplasma spp, ningún animal enfermó de babesiosis. Estas observaciones sugieren la conveniencia de introducir programas de control integrados de garrapatas y enfermedades transmitidas por garrapatas en ganado vacuno mejorado en zonas donde la fiebre de la costa este es endémica.

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Experience De Lutte Integree Contre Les Tiques Et Leurs Maladies Chez Le Betail Hybride Laitier Au Malawi

Résumé Des génisses hybrides productrices de lait furent immunisées contreTheileria parva, Anaplasma spp.Babesia bigemina, Babesia bovis etCowdria ruminantium dans une ferme située dans une région à East Coast fever (ECF). Elles furent traitées à intervalles irréguliers avec du chlorfenvinphos pour limiter l'infestation des tiques adultes, mais sans pourvoir un contrôle complet sur les tiques. Pendant une expérience, qui testa le seuil limite du lavage avec des acaricides, 20 génisses furent lavées une seule fois en 6 mois pour maîtriser l'infestation parBoophilus microplus. Les contrôles, non immunisés, montrèrent des preuves sérolôgiques d'exposition àTheileria parva etBabesia bigemina, et une genisse mourut d'ECF, mais aucun problème de maladie liée aux tiques ne fut observé dans le groupe immunisé. Lors d'une seconde expérience, testant une approche stratégique du lavage avec acaricide, 107 animaux furent lavés neuf fois en six mois. Malgré une infection importante parB. bovis et modérée parB. bigemina etAnaplasma spp., prouvée par étude sérologique, il n'y eut qu'un cas de babésiose. Les observations encouragent l'introduction de programmes de contrôle des tiques et de leurs maladies associées pour améliorer le bétail dans les zones endémiques à ECF.

     

A serological comparison of complement fixation reactions using Brucella abortus and B. melitensis antigens in B. abortus infected cattle

Brucella abortus and B. melitensis antigens were used in parallel on the National Standard Brucella abortus antiserum and on field sera coming from cattle where practically exclusively B. abortus biotypes 1 and 2 have been isolated over the last 11 years. With the National Standard serum the titres to B. melitensis were consistently lower than those to B. abortus antigen. Most were 1 dilution (twofold) lower. Although a similar trend was seen with the field sera, there were 7/346 sera which had twofold or higher titres to B. melitensis antigen. Although this may be due to the vagaries of the test it also warrants closer investigation of the animals concerned to see whether M-antigen predominant Brucella biotypes are possibly present. The use of the dual antigens could identify herds which are infected only with A-antigen predominant brucellae but would not be reliable for classifying individual animals.     

BUDGET ANALYSIS OF PENAEID SHRIMP HATCHERY FACILITIES

One of the critical factors in commercial penaeid shrimp culture production is the availability of postlarvae to stock grow-out ponds. This study investigates the economic feasibility of rearing penaeid shrimp from nauplii to postlarvae (hatchery phase). The facility design used is based on the hatchery operated by Texas A&M university at Galveston, Texas. The Generalized Budget Simulation Model for Aquaculture developed at Texas A&M University was used for the analysis. A ten-year planning horizon was used for the analysis. Six different systems ranging in size from 5 ten-metric ton tanks to 60 ten-metric ton tanks were examined. Annual cost and return budgets were developed for the six systems assuming they operated 6 and 12 months per year. Investment costs, break-even prices and quantities, and net present value were estimated for each system. Results show that commercial hatcheries, using 10-metric ton tanks, could be profitable above and including 20 tanks for those operating only six months annually and above and including 10 tanks for those operating 12 months annually.     

Lymphosarcoma in experimentally induced feline immunodeficiency virus infection [corrected]

A cat experimentally infected with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) but known to be free of feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) developed lymphosarcoma. The lesions in the liver and kidneys were present nine months after infection, when the cat was 21 months old. The cat had no overt signs of immunodeficiency and it is suggested that the B cell activation induced shortly after FIV infection produced a large pool of proliferating lymphocytes from which the malignant cells emerged.     

Use of carbenicillin in two species of tortoise (Testudo graeca and T hermanni)

A preliminary investigation of the blood levels of carbenicillin, after the administration of a single intramuscular injection, suggests that the tortoise's bladder may act as a reservoir of antibiotic that is available for resorption. This phenomenon could confound the establishment of a safe, effective dose regime for antibiotics, in tortoises, which are excreted in an unchanged active form in urine.     

COMPARATIVE ORGAN IMAGING: THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT

Diagnostic radiology of the esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, mesentery, and pancreas is reviewed. Survey and contrast radiography remain the principal imaging methods used to evaluate gastrointestinal diseases in animals. Of the other imaging techniques, scintigraphy has potential in assessment of esophageal and gastric motility disorders, and detection of intestinal hemorrhage. Ultrasonography is useful for imaging the pancreas and gastrointestinal mass lesions.     

Serotypes of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae in Australian pigs, small ruminants, poultry, and captive wild birds and animals

Serotypes of 93 Australian isolates of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae from diseased domestic animals and poultry and a variety of captive wild birds and animals were determined by double diffusion gel precipitation. Two isolates, from the faeces of a swallow were also examined. Serotypes 1a, 1b and 2 were isolated from pigs and serotypes 1a, 1b, 2, 5, 15 and 21 from sheep or goats. Erysipelas in poultry was attributed to serotypes 1b, 5, 15 and 16. In captive wild birds serotypes 1b, 5, 6, 8, 14, 21 and an isolate reactive with antiserum to strain Seehecht were associated with septicaemic deaths. Single isolates from tissues of a bilby (Macrotis lagotis), black rat (Rattus rattus), brown snake (Pseudechis australis) and a bandicoot (Isoodon macrouris) were classified as serotypes 4, 4, 7, and 10 respectively. Six isolates were not able to be typed. Serotype 1b was the most widely distributed and most common (28%), being associated with disease in pigs, sheep, poultry and wild birds. Serotypes 1a or 2 were found in a more restricted range of animals, being commonly associated with erysipelas in pigs, less commonly in sheep and infrequently in other species. From diseased pigs, 26 of 33 isolates (79%) were serotypes 1a and 1b.