悬帷段作用下暗管排水流量计算公式探讨

暗管排水在降低地下水位过程中普遍存在悬帷段,悬帷段的存在对于暗管排水理论计算提出了挑战。该研究考虑悬帷段对排水流量的影响,提出了悬帷段作用下的暗管排水流量计算公式,基于HYDRUS模型得到不同暗管间距、暗管埋深、不透水层深度以及土壤质地条件下的排水流量模拟值及理论计算公式中的作用水头参数,对比分析了不同土壤质地以及悬挂水头影响下排水流量理论公式的适用性。结果表明提出的考虑悬帷段的暗管排水流量公式计算值与模拟值具有很好的吻合性,提出的6种组合公式计算值与模拟值相关系数均大于0.99,平均绝对误差均小于11%,其中Hooghoudt-Ploeg-B.И.阿拉文公式以及Hooghoudt-Ploeg-Kirkham公式误差更小,此2个理论公式也通过了已有文献的验证,而不考虑悬帷段条件时采用Hooghoudt公式计算得到的理论值则普遍小于模拟值,误差可能超过50%;从不同土壤质地来看,提出的考虑悬帷段的暗管排水流量计算公式在粉土和壤土的适用性最高,其次是砂土;此外,该研究初步证实了悬挂水头和单长暗管排水流量与渗透系数比值之间成线性相关关系。该研究成果对丰富和发展农田排水理论及技术有重要意义。     

基于耕地发展权价值测算的陕西省耕地保护补偿研究

基于耕地发展权价值视角测算耕地保护补偿价值,建立耕地保护补偿机制,有利于明确耕地保护权责、调动耕地保护主体的积极性、促进各区域经济发展和耕地保护的均衡和谐。因此,为准确测量耕地发展权价值,建立起融合耕地发展权价值在内的耕地保护补偿机制,该文以陕西省为例,基于耕地发展权价值测算视角,构建耕地发展权价值测算方法体系,测算了耕地盈亏平衡和耕地发展权价值,最终依据该价值确定出相应的补给和受偿情况。研究结果表明:1)2015年陕西省总体处于耕地亏损区,总赤字面积为39.52×10~4 hm~2,人均耕地赤字面积为0.0136 hm~2,耕地总面积赤字率为9.89%;2)在省级层面,陕西省现实耕地发展权价值为50.57元/m~2,考虑到陕西省耕地盈亏量,陕西省总体耕地发展权价值处于亏损状态,因此在国家未给予政策优惠的情况下实际需要支付1998.50亿元的耕地发展权资金;3)在地级市层面,西安市、汉中市、商洛市、延安市、安康市和铜川市6市(亏损程度从重到轻排序)处于耕地发展权价值补给区域,而榆林市、渭南市、宝鸡市和咸阳市4市(盈余程度从高到低排序)则处于耕地发展权价值受偿区域。     

废气再循技术对正丁醇/柴油燃烧颗粒结构及分形特征的影响

为深入了解添加含氧燃料和废气再循环技术(exhaust gas recirculation,EGR)共同作用对颗粒结构及分形特征的影响,运用颗粒分级采样装置采集了EGR率分别为0、10%、20%时,柴油机燃用正丁醇质量百分比为10%的正丁醇/柴油混合燃料(N10)的燃烧颗粒(N10EGR0、N10EGR10%、N10EGR20%),通过电镜试验和图像处理技术,开展了不同EGR率对正丁醇/柴油燃烧颗粒的影响研究,分析了颗粒群的微观结构、平均粒径、分形维数,基本碳粒子的层面间距、微晶尺寸等物理结构参数的变化规律,结果表明,N10EGR0、N10EGR10%、N10EGR20%燃烧颗粒群整体呈现团簇状结构,颗粒粒径范围主要集中在30~70 nm之间,呈正态单峰分布;随着EGR率的增加,粒径范围向大粒径方向移动,平均粒径逐渐增大,N10EGR20%与N10EGR0相比,平均粒径增大约为19%;计盒维数逐渐减小,表明颗粒间的团簇程度逐渐减弱。不同EGR条件下的基本碳粒子结构相似,呈指纹状球形碳层结构,随EGR率的增加,基本碳粒子的内核碳层排列无序性和外壳石墨晶体结构无规则性增强,平均层面间距和弯曲度逐渐增大,微晶尺寸逐渐减小。该研究为含氧燃料与EGR共同作用对颗粒的形成机理以及降低柴油机颗粒排放的措施提供理论参考。     

基于地形校正的植被净初级生产力遥感模拟及分析

植被净初级生产力（NPP）模拟研究对碳平衡监测及深入理解碳循环具有重要意义。高空间分辨率、短重访周期的遥感数据和地形校正成为精准模拟山区植被NPP研究的必然选择。在利用DEM数据对太阳总辐射和气温进行地形校正的基础上,估算了研究区植被吸收光合有效辐射因子、温度胁迫因子、水分胁迫因子和典型植被类型的最大光能利用率,构建了改进的CASABTC估算模型,利用HJ-1CCD数据模拟了2009年大别山区植被的NPP,并探讨了其时空变化特征。结果表明：1）由该文模拟值与MOD17A3的精度验证结果分析,基于地形校正的CASABTC模型和HJ-1数据适合精确模拟山区植被的NPP;研究区NPP在冬季比在春、秋、夏季受地形起伏的影响大。2）该文模拟的年NPP平均值为413.7 g/(m2·a)比MOD17A3平均值偏小4.9%,在空间分布上前者更加详细,地表特征更明显。3）研究区2009年NPP模拟值范围为0～1143.6 g/(m2·a),研究区总面积66.1％的NPP值在200～600 g/(m2·a)之间;年总NPP为9.891×106t,约占全国年总NPP的3.2‰,整体上呈现高、低值区交错分布的不规则特点。4）月NPP值随季节而变化,所有植被类型的NPP季节变化曲线都呈典型的单峰分布,且不同植被类型NPP的季节变化幅度有差别。月NPP值的季节变化与气温、太阳总辐射及NDVI的季节变化基本吻合,而降水量年内分配不均与NPP无相关性特点。5）各植被类型的月NPP和总NPP随海拔高度上升而逐渐变大,对于后者当海拔高度上升至1100 m时达到最大值,继续上升,其保持在600 g/m2左右不变。该研究可为后续基于HJ-1数据的山区植被NPP模拟提供参考。     

后墙立体栽培草莓提高冬季日光温室内温度

在日光温室的后墙上,采用管道无土栽培方式进行蔬菜或草莓生产,可以提高温室空间利用率和作物种植量,但可能会出现因为管道和植物的挡光而减少后墙蓄热、降低冬季温室温度的问题。为此,通过冬季连续31 d的温度监测,在3种典型气象（晴天、阴天、雪天）条件下,对比分析了有后墙立体基质栽培的日光温室（solar greenhouse with equipment,ESG）和无后墙立体栽培的日光温室（solar greenhouse with no equipment,NSG）温度环境的变化。监测结果表明,ESG的月平均气温较NSG高0.84℃,其中最大日温差为2.22℃,最小日温差为0.14℃。晴天条件下,ESG的日平均冠层温度和1.5 m高度处的空气温度分别是12.72和13.04℃,NSG分别是10.68和11.04℃;ESG的冠层温度最低值是4.68℃,而NSG最低值是4.10℃。可见,ESG较NSG的气温要略高一些;阴天和雪天条件下,2种温室内的温度环境无显著差别。因此,利用日光温室后墙进行立体基质栽培草莓,不但没有降低反而提高了冬季温室内的温度,是一种可行、值得推广应用的温室高效栽培技术。     

Patterns of SSR variation in bread wheat (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum aestivum</Emphasis> L.) seeds under ex situ genebank storage and accelerated ageing

Maintaining seed viability and germplasm integrity is a challenging task in conservation of plant genetic resources, as seeds under storage will lose viability and genetic changes will occur. Attempt was made to analyze the patterns of genetic changes in wheat germplasm under ex situ genebank storage and accelerated ageing treatments. A set of 16 naturally aged wheat accessions under ex situ genebank storage since 1994 were sampled. Four recently regenerated wheat accessions were selected, four random seed samples were chosen from each accession, and three of them were exposed to three different accelerated ageing treatments. These 32 seed samples in two germplasm sets displayed a range of germination rates from 4 to 98 %. Thirty-seven microsatellite markers representing 21 wheat chromosomes were applied to screen 12 seeds of each sample and 449 SSR alleles were scored. Large SSR variation was found in each germplasm set. There was 73.1 % of the total SSR variation present among the naturally aged samples and 78.2 % present among the accelerated ageing samples. Several analyses for genetic association consistently revealed no clear genetic separations among samples of high or low germination rates in both germplasm sets. Samples under different accelerated ageing treatments did not show much genetic differentiations from the original sample of each accession. Mantel tests revealed non-significant associations between SSR variability and sample germination rates for both germplasm sets. These findings are useful for understanding seed deterioration under different ageing conditions and suggest that genome-wide SSR variability may not provide sensitive markers for the monitoring of wheat seed viability.     

Factors Affecting the Growth of Microalgae on Blackwater from Biosolid Dewatering

This paper discusses the possibility of including the culturing of microalgae within a conventional wastewater treatment sequence by growing them on the blackwater (BW) from biosolid dewatering to produce biomass to feed the anaerobic digester. Two photobioreactors were used: a 12 L plexiglas column for indoor, lab-scale tests and a 85 L plexiglas column for outdoor culturing. Microalgae (Chlorella sp. and Scenedesmus sp.) could easily grow on the tested blackwater. The average specific growth rate in indoor and outdoor batch tests was satisfactory, ranging between 0.14 and 0.16 day^?1. During a continuous test performed under outdoor conditions from May to November, in which the off-gas from the combined heat and power unit was used as the CO₂ source, an average biomass production of 50 mgTSS L^?1 day^?1 was obtained. However, statistical analyses confirmed that microalgal growth was affected by environmental conditions (temperature and season) and that it was negatively correlated with the occurrence of nitrification. Finally, the biochemical methane potential of the algal biomass was slightly higher than that from waste sludge (208 mLCH₄ gVS^?1 vs. 190 mLCH₄ gVS^?1).     

A Greener UV and Peroxide-Based Chemical Oxygen Demand Test

Water quality assessment typically includes the determination of chemical oxygen demand (COD) by oxidation of organic matter with Cr(VI) in an acidic medium followed by digestion. Unfortunately, the required reagents are harmful and the reaction times are rather long. We investigated earlier the use of H₂O₂ as a more environmentally friendly oxidizing agent to replace the hazardous chromates. In the present study, we have furthered this possibility by incorporating the use of H₂O₂ in the presence of UV light. A protocol has been devised and tested with standards and real samples that replaces toxic Cr(VI), halves the amount of silver sulfate required, and greatly reduces the necessary reaction time, thus yielding a faster and more environmentally sound method.     

Studying the Effects of Two Various Methods of Composting on the Degradation Levels of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Sewage Sludge

The research comprised of studying the effect composting sewage sludge with sawdust and vermicomposting with earthworm Eisenia fetida has on the degradation of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Raw rural sewage sludge prior composting was more contaminated with PAHs than urban sewage sludge, in both cases exceeding EU cutoff limits of 6 mg/kg established for land application. Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene (DBahAnt), acenaphtylene (Acy) and indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene (IPyr) were predominant in rural sewage sludge, whilst the urban sewage sludge contained the highest concentrations of benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbFl), benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkFl) and indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene (IPyr). Thirty days of composting with sawdust has caused a significant reduction of 16 PAHs on average from 26.07 to 4.01 mg/kg (84.6%). During vermicomposting, total PAH concentration decreased on average from 15.5 to 2.37 mg/kg (84.7%). Vermicomposting caused full degradation of hydrocarbons containing 2 and 6 rings and significant reduction of PAHs with 3 aromatic rings (94.4%) as well as with 5 aromatic rings (83.2%). The lowest rate of degradation (64.4%) was observed for hydrocarbons with 4 aromatic rings such as fluoranthene, benzo(a)anthracene, chrysene and pyrene. On the other hand, the highest level of degradation was determined for PAHs with 2 rings (100%), 3 rings (88%) and 6 aromatic rings in the molecule (86.9%) after composting with sawdust. Acenaphthene and pyrene were found to be the most resistant to biodegradation during both composting methods.     

Biochar-induced changes in soil properties affected immobilization/mobilization of metals/metalloids in contaminated soils

Purpose

Remediation of metal contaminated soil with biochar is attracting extensive interest in recent years. Understanding the significance of variable biochar properties and soil types helps elucidating the meticulous roles of biochar in immobilizing/mobilizing metals/metalloids in contaminated soils.

Materials and methods

Six biochars were produced from widely available agricultural wastes (i.e., soybean stover, peanut shells and pine needles) at two pyrolysis temperatures of 300 and 700 °C, respectively. The Pb-, Cu-, and Sb-contaminated shooting range soils and Pb-, Zn-, and As-contaminated agricultural soils were amended with the produced biochars. The mobility of metals/metalloids was assessed by the standard batch leaching test, principal component analysis and speciation modeling.

Results and discussion

The changes in soil properties were correlated to feedstock types and pyrolysis temperatures of biochars based on the principal component analysis. Biochars produced at 300 °C were more efficient in decreasing Pb and Cu mobility (>93 %) in alkaline shooting range soil via surface complexation with carboxyl groups and Fe-/Al-minerals of biochars as well as metal-phosphates precipitation. By contrast, biochars produced at 700 °C outperformed their counterparts in decreasing Pb and Zn mobility (100 %) in acidic agricultural soil by metal-hydroxides precipitation due to biochar-induced pH increase. However, Sb and As mobility in both soils was unfavorably increased by biochar amendment, possibly due to the enhanced electrostatic repulsion and competition with phosphate.

Conclusions

It is noteworthy that the application of biochars is not equally effective in immobilizing metals or mobilizing metalloids in different soils. We should apply biochar to multi-metal contaminated soil with great caution and tailor biochar production for achieving desired outcome and avoiding adverse impact on soil ecosystem.