生物有机肥对红富士树体生长及土壤微生物群落结构的影响

以 7年生烟富 3苹果为试材，探讨了 45%有机肥和生物有机肥(葡萄籽肥和海藻肥)对果树生物量及土壤微生物环境的影响，为果树优质高效生产和减量施用化肥提供科学依据。试验共设置 3个处理:45 %有机肥 11 250 kg/hm²(E)、海藻有机肥 11 250 kg/hm²(F)、葡萄籽有机肥 4 500 kg/hm²(G)，于果实成熟期采集土壤样品及果实，测定其生物量及果实品质等相关指标，应用高通量测序技术研究不同处理后不同土层微生物多样性的变化。与 45%有机肥处理对照相比较，生物有机肥处理后提高了树体的株高、冠径、产量和品质，海藻肥处理后树体叶丛枝和短果枝比例、平均单果质量以及果实品质均优于葡萄籽肥，外围新梢表现为葡萄籽肥最高。对于 0～ 20 cm土层，海藻肥处理后显著降低了土壤细菌 Simpson指数，提高了土壤细菌 Shannon指数，葡萄籽肥处理结果与此相反；海藻肥和葡萄籽肥处理均提高了土壤 0～ 20 cm土层真菌 Ace、Chao1和 Simpson指数，降低了 Shannon指数。对于 20～ 40 cm土层，海藻肥处理后降低了土壤细菌和真菌Ace、Chao1和 Shannon指数，显著提高了 Simpson指数，葡萄籽肥处理结果与此相反。海藻肥处理后提高了 0～ 20和 20～ 40 cm土层酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)的相对丰度，降低了变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)的相对丰度；葡萄籽肥处理后降低了 0～ 20和 20～ 40 cm土层酸杆菌门的相对丰度，提高了 0～ 20 cm土层变形菌门的相对丰度，降低了 20～ 40 cm土层变形菌门的相对丰度，降低了 0～ 20 cm土层拟杆菌门的相对丰度，提高了 20～ 40cm土层拟杆菌门的相对丰度。子囊菌门(Ascomycota)和接合菌门(Zygomycota)是土壤中含量最丰富的两大真菌，对 0～ 20 cm土层来说，海藻肥和葡萄籽肥处理均提高了子囊菌门的相对丰度，降低了接合菌门的相对丰度，对 20～ 40 cm土层来说，海藻肥和葡萄籽肥处理均提高了接合菌门的相对丰度，海藻肥处理提高了子囊菌门的相对丰度，较对照提高了 56.88%，葡萄籽肥处理降低了子囊菌门的相对丰度。土壤物种丰度聚类热图结果显示不同土层之间存在差异，葡萄籽肥处理与对照处理之间差异较大。葡萄籽肥和海藻肥处理均有助于红富士树体树高、干径、东西冠径以及外围新梢的增大，且枝类结构更为合理，不同生物有机肥处理后改变了土壤细菌和真菌的群落多样性及结构，土壤细菌多样性增加，真菌多样性降低，改善了土壤微生物环境，为生物有机肥的推广奠定了基础。     

Nutrient supplementation increased growth and nitrate concentration of lettuce cultivated hydroponically with biogas slurry

Abstract

Recycling of biogas slurry via vegetable production is a multi-benefit and sustainable utilization strategy regarding agriculture and environment. A glasshouse experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of phosphorus (P) and iron (Fe) supplementation on growth and quality of lettuce cultivated hydroponically with diluted biogas slurry. The results showed that direct supplementation of P into diluted biogas slurry together with Fe improved the lettuce growth significantly, and decreased the root to shoot ratio. However, growth responses of lettuce to single addition of P or Fe into diluted biogas slurry were not significant. In addition, supplementation of P and Fe improved leaf chlorophyll content (determined as SPAD value), nitrate concentration significantly or slightly of the lettuces but not vitamin C content. However, addition of P and Fe or microelements through foliar spray is not effective in enhancement of growth and quality except for improving leaf SPAD. In conclusion, as a nutrient solution, the tested biogas slurry needs Fe and P supplementation, and P should be added together with Fe or post Fe supplementation in terms of lettuce yield. Also, direct addition of Fe into diluted biogas slurry was better than foliar spray.     

河南省冬小麦长势遥感监测指标的适宜性

为了解不同监测指标在河南省各个监测地域分区中对小麦不同生育期长势监测的有效性和适宜性,以MODIS为主要数据源,在长势监测地域分区的基础上,从小麦实时监测和生长过程监测两个角度出发,对NDVI、LAI、NPP、NDWI和TCI等监测指标与长势等级和单产进行了相关分析。结果表明,在各长势监测地域分区中,NDVI、LAI和NPP都与长势等级呈负相关,与单产呈正相关,一般在抽穗期和开花期相关性最高。NDWI在各个监测分区都表现不稳定,且在不同生育期与长势等级和单产的相关性也较低。TCI在豫西山地丘陵区和豫南地区与长势等级呈正相关,与单产呈负相关,相关性在起身期和拔节期相对较高。说明,不同长势监测分区需要用不同监测指标进行长势监测,在同一长势监测分区不同生育期遥感监测的适宜指标也存在差别。     

菠萝品种选育与栽培技术研究进展

对菠萝品种选育与栽培技术研究进展进行概括,包括菠萝种质资源收集评价、杂交育种、诱变选种、基因工程育种研究,以及菠萝种苗繁育、生产种植、催花、防寒防晒等栽培技术研究的新进展。此外,对未来菠萝育种研究与栽培技术研究主要方向进行展望。在菠萝种质资源精准评价的基础上,建立以常规杂交育种、诱变育种为主体,基因工程育种为辅助的育种体系是菠萝育种研究的主要方向。开展菠萝“黑心病”和“水菠萝”发生的机理研究,从生产源头降低“黑心病”和“水菠萝”发生的栽培技术措施研究,以及无损检测技术与智能化、省力化种植技术研究等是国内菠萝高效栽培技术研究的主要内容之一。     

甲骨文新考

用一种新的方法，即文化解析的方法，对甲骨文和金文重新进行考释，得出了很多不同于传统方法的新看法、新结论。这种新方法的理论根据是：汉字起源于古人的社会生活，即古人是依据自己的社会生活造出了汉字。因此，对甲骨文、金文的考释，应由传统的从文字到文字的文字解析，发展为从古人的社会生活到文字的文化解析。只有这样才能揭开汉字与汉文化的神面纱，真正领略其伟大与奇妙。以辛字为例用新方法来对其进行了解析。     

中国柚的种质资源及其研究

本文介绍了中国柚的主要优良种质资源,并对中国柚的GOT同工酶酶谱及其基因型、花粉形态特征、染色体组型及其分带等方面的研究进行分析比较。结果表明,中国柚类的遗传基础复杂,其种质资源极其丰富,可进一步证实中国是柚的原产地。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地人工绿地条件下微量元素变化规律研究

在极端干旱的塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地,利用4～5 g@L-1的咸水建立人工植被,改善了生态环境促进了风沙土的成土发育.在成土过程中,土壤微量元素的含量分布具有一定的规律性.研究表明:①人工绿地中的土壤全量微量元素与流沙对照相比变化不大,各处理有效态微量元素大于流沙对照,风沙土成土发育仍处于初级阶段.②流沙中各微量元素含量较低是各处理土壤微量元素含量低的决定因素.③各样地土壤剖面有效态微量元素分布规律为表层明显大于中层及下层.④相同植被类型条件下,人工植被生长年限越长土壤微量元素含量越高.⑤相同年限条件下,草地由于水分和养分条件优于其它处理,各微量元素含量均高于其它植被类型的样地.     

Comparison of methods for measuring dormancy of potatoes

Comparisons were made of different methods of measuring length of the dormant period of Russet Burbank potato tubers as affected by time of planting and harvest. The study resulted in the following conclusions: 1) when measured from planting or tuber initiation to sprouting, the dormant period of tubers harvested on the same date was longer from an early planted crop than from a late planted crop. 2) When measured from harvest to sprouting, the dormant period was shorter for tubers from an early compared to a late planting. 3) With the same planting date and different harvest dates, when measured from planting or tuber initiation to sprouting, the dormant period was shorter for tubers from an early compared to a late harvest. 4) On the other hand, with the same planting date, when measured from time of harvest to sprouting, the dormant period was longer for tubers from an early compared to a late harvest. Planting date to sprouting was considered the best practical field measure of dormancy since it closely correlated with tuber initiation to sprouting, a method which was more accurate but difficult to determine. Both methods were much better than harvest date to sprouting which is commonly used. In addition, larger tubers from earlier planting had shorter dormancy than smaller tubers regardless of method of measurement due to a probable earlier set. From later plantings, tuber size had no relationship to length of dormancy. Moisture stress significantly reduced dormancy of Lemhi, Russet Burbank, and Nooksack but the Butte cultivar was only slightly affected.     

Solvent effects on extraction and HPLC analysis of soybean isoflavones and variations of isoflavone compositions as affected by crop season

Spring (February to June) and fall (August to December) crops of soybean grown yearly in Taiwan with reverse temperature patterns provide a novel model to assess the effect of the crop season. In this study, three soybean cultivars, namely CH 1, VS-KS 2, and HBS, were grown for 2001 fall, 2002 spring, 2003 fall, 2004 spring, 2004 fall, and 2005 spring crops. The harvested and sun-dried soybeans were lyophilized, pulverized, and stored at -25 degrees C until HPLC analyses of isoflavone compositions were performed. As affected by extraction solvent and HPLC mobile phase, the amount of isoflavones extracted by methanol-H(2)O was higher than those extracted by acetic acid-acetonitrile. In addition, when both extracts were subjected to HPLC analysis with reversed C18 column run respectively with methanol-H(2)O and acetic acid-acetonitrile mobile phases, malonyldaidzin, malonylglycitin, and malonylgenistin were not detected in the former phase. Accordingly, all harvested soybeans were subjected to methanol-H(2)O extraction and HPLC analysis with the acetic acid-acetonitrile mobile phase. Among the detected soybeans, daidzin, genistin, malonyldaidzin, and malonylgenistin were the majors and glycitin, malonylglycitin, daidzein, and genistein were the minors of isoflavones. As affected by crop season for each cultivar grown for 3 years, daidzin, genistin, malonyldaidzin, and malonylgenistin contents of soybeans of the fall crops were significantly higher than those of their spring crops ( p < 0.05).     

闽北乌龙茶工艺研究的特点分析

福建乌龙茶的加工技术和产品种类正快速发展和多样化。本文以闽北产区的乌龙茶为对象,简述了其工艺的发展现状,分析了工艺研究特点总体表现为对传统工艺的巩固发展、对新工艺的完善以及将精湛的手工制法与机制工艺的互补结合和共同发展,以期为闽北乌龙茶工艺今后的发展提供依据和思路。