燕麦对冠锈病水平抗性的QTL定位

为了确定与燕麦冠锈病水平抗性基因相关的分子标记，建立了具水平抗病性的品系MN841801-1和感病品种Noble-2杂交的F8群体。该群体由158个重组自交系组成。用112个RFLP标记构建了其连锁图，该图由17个连锁群（A-Q）组成，另有23个位点未连锁，大约覆盖了燕麦基因组的1498.2cM。重组自交系群体的抗病性鉴定分别在温室和田间进行。用病斑面积占总叶面积的百分率（PPA）和病害发展曲线下的面积（AUDPC）作为抗病指标，在田间试验中分别探测到3个燕麦冠锈病水平抗性的QTL，依次命名为PRQ1，PRQ2和PRQ3。这3个QTL分别位于连锁群C，P和N上，总共可解释27%的表现型变量。在温室试验中只探测到PRQ1和PRQ2两个QTL，当用AUDPC和PPA分别作为抗病指标时，这两个QTL可分别解释32%和26%的表现型变量。     

Morphology,cytochemical staining and ultrastructural characteristics of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) leukocytes

Peripheral blood smears from four adult reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) were examined after staining with Romanowsky's stain and cytochemical stains, including alpha-napthyl butyrate esterase (alpha-NBE), Sudan black B (SBB), chloroacetate esterase (CAE) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Romanowsky-stained eosinophils, neutrophils, lymphocytes and monocytes resembled those of cattle, sheep and goats. Basophils had two different staining patterns with Romanowsky's stain. Basophils that we termed "grey basophils" were similar in appearance to grey eosinophils in Greyhound dogs, with medium blue-grey to lavender-grey cytoplasm containing varying numbers of clear vacuoles or granules and variable numbers of small, intensely basophilic, perinuclear granules. The second basophil staining pattern was more typical of ruminant basophils, with uniform, pale to dark basophilic cytoplasmic granules. Basophils stained positive for alpha-NBE, SBB, CAE, and ALP. Eosinophils stained positive for SBB, and were negative for alpha-NBE, CAE, and ALP. Neutrophils were negative for SBB, CAE, and ALP. Monocytes stained positive for alpha-NBE, were rarely positive for CAE and SBB, and were negative for ALP. Transmission electron microscopy revealed matrix within all granulocytes granules, including those of basophils.     

Movements,behavior, and habitat utilization of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) in waters surrounding the Revillagigedo Islands Archipelago Biosphere Reserve,Mexico

The movements, behavior, and habitat utilization of yellowfin tuna, Thunnus albacares, following capture and release with archival tags in the Revillagigedo Islands Archipelago Biosphere Reserve (RIABR), Mexico, are described from analyses of 16 578 days of time‐series data, downloaded from 52 archival tags recovered from yellowfin (78–173 cm in length and 1.7–8.0 yr of age) at liberty from 93 to 1773 days ( = 411 days), collected during 2006–2012. An unscented Kalman filter model with sea‐surface temperature measurements integrated (UKFsst) was used to process the archival tag data sets to obtain improved estimates of geographic positions, most probable tracks (MPTs), and movement parameters. The MPTs indicate restricted movements, low levels of dispersion, and fidelity of yellowfin tuna to the RIABR. The median parameter estimates from the UKFsst model for errors in longitude (σ_x) and latitude (σ_y) were 0.46° and 1.84°, respectively, for directed movements (u and v) –0.05 NM day^?1 and –0.05 NM day^?1, respectively, and for dispersive movement (D) 117.99 NM² day^?1. Analyses of daily timed depth and temperature records resulted in the classification of the data into four distinct behaviors. There are significant differences among ages in the durations of Type I and Type II diving behaviors and in the daytime and nighttime vertical habitat utilization distributions. The oceanography surrounding the RIABR appears to have a profound influence on the movements, behavior, and habitat utilization of yellowfin in this area.     

Accuracy of computerized tomographic evaluation of canine radio-ulnar incongruence in vitro

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the accuracy of linear measurements obtained from computer tomography (CT) images of staged radio-ulnar incongruence in a canine cadaver forelimb model. STUDY DESIGN: CT evaluation of induced progressive radio-ulnar incongruence in canine cadaveric forelimbs. SAMPLE POPULATION: Eight cadaveric canine left forelimbs. PROCEDURE: A type 2 external skeletal fixator (ESF) with linear motors was attached to the radius in 8 cadaveric left canine forelimbs. Contiguous incremental and helical CT images of the proximal radio-ulnar articulation were acquired in the transverse, sagittal and dorsal planes. The radius was shortened by 1, 2, and 4 mm increments and scanning protocols were repeated at each increment. Digital caliper and CT image analysis measured the progressive change in distance between 2 marking spheres and the epiphyseal bone surfaces of the radio-ulnar articulation. Statistical analysis of measurements from incremental and helical CT acquisitions, and direct and reformatted images were compared with inter-sphere distance using Pearson product moment correlation coefficients. RESULTS: The reformatted incremental acquisition series at the mid-coronoid in the oblique plane had the highest correlation coefficient (r-value) at 0.908. The mid-coronoid in the dorsal plane had the second highest r-value (0.856). The coronoid incisure in the sagittal plane had an r-value of 0.826. The reformatted incremental acquisition series at the coronoid incisure in the oblique plane had the lowest r-value, 0.592. CONCLUSION: Measurement of radioulnar incongruence may be best performed using reformatted incremental acquisition CT in the mid-coronoid region in an oblique plane. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Use of the technique reported in this study may enable determination of the association, if any, between radioulnar incongruence and developmental diseases of the canine elbow.     

Phenoxy-acid induced renal changes in the chicken. I. Ultrastructure

Forty-five day-old broiler chicks were equally divided into 3 groups, 2 being fed 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T, respectively, from the fifth day of life for up to 7 months, at 1,000 p.p.m. in the drinking water, and the third serving as a control. From 8 weeks of age 2 of the control animals were fed 2,4-D at the same rate for 7 months.Seven of the treated animals died, or were killed in a moribund state, during the experiment (Table 1), the survivors showing only slight signs of poisoning such as reduced mobility and food and water intakes.Animals were sacrificed after varying time intervals (Table 1). The tissue distribution patterns of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T, as determined in selected tissues of a few of the animals (Table 2), were similar to that observed earlier with 2,4-D.Both compounds produced qualitatively similar morphological effects, although the action of 2,4,5-T apparently was somewhat more intense.The predominant necropsy finding was kidney enlargement (Table 1) due to hypertrophy of the proximal convoluted tubular epithelium (Fig. 1).Electron-microscopically, increased numbers of mitochondria were demonstrated in the tubular cells, with variations in mitochondrial size, shape and structure (Figs. 4–7). The number of micro-bodies was also definitely increased (Figs. 2 and 4). In the nuclei nuclear bodies were observed (Figs. 2 and 3).The significance of the findings is discussed.     

Laboratory and field testing of a dose calculation model for neutralization of Adirondack acidic lakes

A deterministic lake dose calculation model has been applied to estimate the quantity of Ca carbonate-based material needed to achieve a desired initial water chemistry in a whole lake treatment of two Adirondack acid lakes. The study lakes were treated with calcite during May 30–31, 1985. The model accurately simulated laboratory column water chemistry profiles (spatially and temporally) and dissolution efficiencies; however, the model predicted conservative efficiencies for the study lakes. Time-series water chemistry profiles of the lakes suggest that epilimnetic mixing extended suspension time of fine calcite particles, and that atmospheric carbon dioxide intrusion rate was greater than expected. The combination of these factors enhanced dissolution efficiency.     

Horizontal movements,utilization distributions,and mixing rates of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) tagged and released with archival tags in six discrete areas of the eastern and central Pacific Ocean

A total of 1522 yellowfin tuna, Thunnus albacares, were captured, tagged, and released with surgically implanted archival tags (ATs), in six discrete areas of the eastern and central Pacific Ocean, during 2002 through 2019. Of 483 ATs returned (31.7%), 227 ATs from yellowfin (48–147 cm in fork length) at liberty from 32 to 1846 d ( = 300.1 d) provided suitable data sets which were processed using an unscented Kalman filter model with sea-surface temperature measurements integrated (UKFsst) in order to obtain most probable tracks and movement parameters. Although some differences were observed in the movement patterns for fish from within and among the six release areas, 99% of the 227 fish remained within 1000 M of their release locations, indicating limited dispersion and fidelity to release locations. The median movement parameter D, which defines dispersion from the UKFsst model, for the fish released in the offshore equatorial areas showed much greater dispersion rates compared to those for the fish released along the coast or around islands. The rates of mixing of yellowfin among the release areas were found to be dependent on the distances between release areas, with, in general, the greatest mixing occurring among areas in closest proximity, whereas for the two areas offshore Mexico and the two offshore equatorial areas, the rates of mixing were nonexistent or negligible.