双酶法水解罗非鱼下脚料制备降血糖肽的工艺研究

以水解度和α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制率为评价指标,确定双酶复合水解罗非鱼下脚料的方案,并通过单因素试验和正交试验进行优化,最后得到最适酶解工艺参数为先在碱性蛋白酶在温度50℃,加酶量10000 U/g,pH值9.5,底物质量分数6%条件下水解;再在胰蛋白酶在温度37℃,加酶量10000 U/g,pH值8条件下水解100 min。此工艺条件下罗非鱼下脚料水解度、水解产物的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制率分别为48.26%和41.46%。     

基于三维重建技术的坡面细沟侵蚀演变过程研究

作为黄土高原地区沟头溯源侵蚀和水流汇集发源地的梁峁坡面,在强降雨下其产流产沙对沟缘线以下坡面及沟道侵蚀有着重大影响。该研究根据野外实地考查构建5°～35°变坡段实体模型,进行6场间歇性人工模拟降雨试验,并借助基于三维重建技术的PhotoScan软件获取坡面DEM,将其侵蚀演化过程进行图形化、数字化,定性定量揭示其侵蚀形态演变特征。研究表明:1)梁峁坡面细沟侵蚀历经4个阶段:面蚀阶段,即产生一系列呈串珠状分布的侵蚀跌坑,宽度5～9 cm,深度1～4 cm;细沟形成阶段,由面蚀所产生的微小跌坑在径流作用下长、宽、深均不断增大,最大分别达到266、7.6、13.8cm;细沟网形成阶段,细沟出现分叉及联通,有明显流路;小切沟形成阶段,伴随沟壁崩塌、沟壁加宽和沟底下切,最大沟长及最大沟深较细沟形成时增大3倍以上。2)对比次降雨过程基于三维建模所计算侵蚀量与实测侵蚀量,第1场降雨试验因地表疏松颗粒较多导致实测侵蚀量比建模计算侵蚀量大而引起较大偏差(20.82%),其他场次偏差均在10%左右或以下,总体来说,该技术可以较好地应用于侵蚀发育过程的研究。该研究实现侵蚀演变关键过程图形化、数字化,有助于人们定性、定量了解和认识梁峁坡面侵蚀过程,且对于创新侵蚀过程研究方法亦具有实践指导价值。     

香茅草精油/羧甲基壳聚糖复合膜的性能及对沃柑采后青绿霉病防治效果

为探寻安全高效的可食性涂膜应用于沃柑保鲜,以羧甲基壳聚糖（Carboxymethyl chitosan,CMCS）和香茅草精油（XMC）两种天然材料为原料制备复合涂膜材料,并检验复合涂膜材料的理化性质,后以蒸馏水为对照,研究0.5%香茅草精油与1.0%羧甲基壳聚糖复合涂膜处理（0.5% XMC-1.0% CMCS）对沃柑果实青霉、绿霉病害的防控效果及其对果实抗病防御酶活性和果实品质的影响。结果表明,香茅草精油的添加提高了膜的韧性、完整性、粗糙度、不透明度,降低了水蒸气透过率。同时,0.5%香茅草精油与1.0%羧甲基壳聚糖复合处理显著（P<0.05）抑制了沃柑果实青霉、绿霉病的发病率及病斑直径的扩展。此外,与对照组相比,0.5%香茅草精油与1.0%羧甲基壳聚糖复合涂膜处理诱导提高了沃柑果皮中苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）、过氧化物酶（POD）、多酚氧化酶（PPO）、几丁质酶（CHI）活性及苯酚、类黄酮、花青素等抗性物质的含量,且在整个贮藏过程中保持了果实品质。综上,香茅草精油的加入提高了复合膜的整体性能,0.5% XMC-1.0% CMCS复合涂膜处理诱导提高了采后沃柑果实的抗病防御酶活性和抗性物质含量,增强沃柑果实抗青绿霉病的能力,维持了果实贮藏品质。     

Investigation of mRNA expression for secreted frizzled-related protein 2 (sFRP2) in chick embryos

The roles of secreted frizzled-related protein 2 (sFRP2) in organ development of vertebrate animals are not well understood. We investigated expression of sFRP2 during embryogenesis of Arbor Acre broiler chicken eggs. Expression of sFRP2 was detected in the folds and lateral layer of developing brains. The sFRP2 signals in the developing eye were marked as a circle along the orbit. In younger embryos on days 3-6, the sFRP2 signals were consistent with growth of the sclerotome, suggesting that sFRP2 may be associated with somite development. Furthermore, with the exception of bones, sFRP2 mRNA was detectable in the interdigital tissue of embryos older than eight days as the limbs matured. This revealed that sFRP2 might play a role in myogenesis. In situ hybridization was also used to analyze the expression of sFRP2 in day 3-10 chick embryos. Signals were expressed in the gray matter of the developing brain coelom, including the optic lobe, metencephalon, myelencephalon, mesencephalon and diencephalon. The developing eyes contained an intercellular distribution of sFRP2 in the pigmented layer of the retina and photoreceptors. Furthermore, sFRP2 was expressed in the mantle layer of the neural tube and notochord. Based on these findings, it seems reasonable to suggest that sFRP2 may play an active role in embryogenesis, especially in development of the neural system, eyes, muscles and limbs.     

Segmentation of Color Image Based on Feature Divergence and Fuzzy Theory

In order to improve general adaptive capability of algorithm,the new color image segmentation algorithm based on feature divergence and fuzzy theory(FDCIS) is proposed.The algorithm introduces feature divergence and fuzzy dissimilarity function into calculation in order to measure the dissimilarity of feature vector,clusters data by means of feature divergence,and accomplishes the merge of image region.The experimental results demonstrate that the color image segmentation result of the proposed approach reduce calculation on large sample of color image,simply and effectively solve over-segmentation of color image,avoid the dependence of the algorithm on initial condition,and hold favorable consistency in terms of human perception.     

品牌危机管理机制——以乳制品行业为例

品牌形象一直企业最关心的问题,但是品牌危机问题日趋普遍。文章试图以乳制品行业为例,浅析品牌危机的管理机制。     

Antiproliferation effect and apoptosis mechanism of prostate cancer cell PC-3 by flavonoids and saponins prepared from Gynostemma pentaphyllum

The objectives of this study were to investigate the antiproliferation and apoptosis mechanism of saponin and flavonoid fractions from Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino on prostate cancer cell PC-3. Both flavonoid and saponin fractions were isolated by a column chromatographic method with Cosmosil 75C(18)-OPN as adsorbent and elution solvents of ethanol-water (30:70, v/v) for the former and 100% ethanol for the latter, followed by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. On the basis of the MTT assay, the saponin and flavonoid fraction were comparably effective in inhibiting the growth of PC-3 cells, with the IC(50) being 39.3 and 33.3 μg/mL, respectively. Additionally, both fractions induced an arrest of PC-3 cell cycle at both S and G2/M phases, with both early and late apoptotic cell populations showing a dose-dependent rise. The Western blot assay indicated that the incorporation of flavonoid or saponin fraction could modulate the expression of G2 and M checkpoint regulators, cyclins A and B, and the antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl and pro-apoptotic proteins Bad and Bax. The expression of the caspase-3 and its activated downstream substrate effectors, DFF45 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1), was also increased and followed a dose-dependent manner. All of these findings suggest that the apoptosis of PC-3 cells may proceed through the intrinsic mitochondria pathway.     

Anti-inflammatory activities of new succinic and maleic derivatives from the fruiting body of Antrodia camphorata

Six new compounds, trans-3-isobutyl-4-[4-(3-methyl-2-butenyloxy)phenyl]pyrrolidine-2,5-dione (1), trans-1-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-isobutylpyrrolidine-2,5-dione (2), cis-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-isobutyldihydrofuran-2,5-dione (3), 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-isobutyl-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione (4), 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-isobutylfuran-2,5-dione (5), and dimethyl 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-isobutylmaleate (6), together with one known compound, 3-isobutyl-4-[4-(3-methyl-2-butenyloxy)phenyl]furan-2,5-dione (7), were isolated from the fruiting bodies of Antrodia camphorata. The structures of the compounds were elucidated by analysis of their spectroscopic data. To investigate the immunomodulatory potential of the compounds, RAW264.7 macrophage cells were treated with the compounds. Compound 1 significantly increased spontaneous TNF-alpha secretion from unstimulated RAW264.7 cells but suppressed IL-6 production [50% inhibition concentration value (IC50) = 10 microg/mL] in LPS-stimulated cells. Compounds 3, 4, and 6 also suppressed IL-6 production with IC50 values of 17, 18, and 25 microg/mL, respectively, suggesting that these four compounds may have an anti-inflammatory effect on macrophage-mediated responses. Of the six compounds, compound 1 was the most effective, exerting both immunostimulatory and anti-inflammatory effects.     

Analysis of amino acids by gas chromatography as the N-trifluoroacetyl n-butyl esters

This presentation describes amino acid analysis with the gas chromatographic method and experimental conditions using the N-trifluoroacetyl n-butyl ester derivatives; the study we describe here was undertaken to compare gas chromatographic (GC) and ion-exchange chromatographic (IEC) analyses of amino acids in hydrolysates of 9 diverse sample types to gain insight into effects of these 2 chromatographic methods of analysis on variation in amino acid results. Our study showed that values for samples prepared by 2 separate laboratories using the same procedure were generally in good agreement when all of the hydrolysates were analyzed by a single laboratory using a single method of analysis. To compare results from gas chromatography with those from ion-exchange chromatography analyses were performed by 2 different laboratories on the same hydrolysates and on different hydrolysates prepared by the same method by both laboratories. The data demonstrate that GC and IEC can be expected to yield essentially identical results when applied to the same hydrolysate. Agreement is so close that interlaboratory differences in hydrolysate preparation of the same sample contribute as much to variation in amino acid results as does the method of analysis, a fact which should be noted in planning collaborative studies.