Antioxidant activity and constituents of extracts from the root of Garcinia multiflora

The methanolic extract of the root of Garcinia multiflora and its derived soluble fractions, namely those soluble in ethyl acetate (EtOAc), n-butanol, and water, were screened for their antioxidant activities. Among them, the EtOAc-soluble fraction exhibited the highest scavenging activity against the 1,1-dipheny1,2-picrylhydrazyl radical, the highest superoxide radical scavenging activity, and the strongest reducing power. In addition, according to the bioactivity-guided isolation, 26 specific phytocompounds, including 3 aromatics, 3 benzophenones, 3 flavonoids, 3 isocoumarins, 1 phloroglucinol, 6 steroids, and 7 xanthones, were isolated from the EtOAc-soluble fraction and identified. Of these, 2,4,3′,4′-tetrahydroxy-6-methoxybenzophenone and 1,3,6,7-tetrahydroxyxanthone were found to be the major bioactive constituents, present in the crude extract in concentrations of 3.9 and 15.6 mg/g, respectively. These two compounds had similar antioxidant activities to (+)-catechin, a well-known antioxidant.     

五种芳香植物精油对烟草疫霉的抑菌活性分析

为实现作物病害的绿色防控,从芳香植物源中筛选高效的杀菌活性成分,采用菌丝生长法测定了迷迭香精油、薰衣草精油、香叶天竺葵精油、香茅草精油和罗勒精油5种精油对烟草黑胫病病原烟草疫霉的抑菌活性。结果表明:当精油浓度达到225μg/m L时,5种精油对烟草疫霉均有显著的抑制作用,其中香茅草精油对烟草疫霉的抑制率均为100%。在熏蒸方式下,5种精油对烟草疫霉抑制的EC50值分别为317.8μg/m L、255.2μg/m L、151.0μg/m L、53.0μg/m L和142.8μg/m L。5种芳香植物精油对烟草疫霉菌丝生长形态均有一定的影响。研究结果表明香茅草精油具有作为防治烟草疫霉环境友好型杀菌剂的先导化合物的潜力。     

适应气候变化的中国农业种植结构调整研究

近百年来,全球正经历一次以变暖为主要特征的气候变化,随着气候变化及其所带来的影响日益显著,目前适应气候变化越来越成为全球关注的热点问题。我国已有的农业种植结构调整适应气候变化实践非常丰富,但诸多研究者并未进行过系统的梳理,对已有实践的适应气候变化内涵没有清晰地认识。为了更好的应对未来气候变化,从种植制度、作物布局、品种布局三个方面阐述了气候变化对中国农业种植结构调整的影响,结合东北水稻玉米扩种、冬麦北移、华北"两晚"技术、长江中下游双季稻改制、南方冬季农业开发等典型适应气候变化案例,探讨复种指数、间作套种模式、作物配置、种植界限、种植比例、抗旱品种、抗病虫害品种等农业种植结构调整的不同方面适应气候变化的内涵,提出了种植结构调整中适应气候变化工作面临的关键问题,倡导进一步加强气候变化各要素对种植熟制的综合影响研究,深入开展农业精细区划与作物布局优化配置研究以及适应气候变化的育种多目标优化决策研究。     

库尔勒香梨园土壤氧化亚氮的排放特征

为了掌握土壤氧化亚氮排放对库尔勒香梨园造成的氮肥损失率,从而为香梨园氮肥的科学施用,提高氮素利用效率及改善果园生态环境提供理论依据和实践指导,以新疆维吾尔自治区库尔勒市树龄为6 a的库尔勒香梨园为研究对象,采用静态箱-气相色谱法对香梨树整个生育期内香梨园土壤中氧化亚氮的排放通量及累积量进行了观测与分析。结果表明:(1)氧化亚氮的排放量在施肥后明显增大,其排放通量在施用基肥后第5天下午出现峰值(0.2498 g·hm~(-2)h~(-1)),其日累积量在施用基肥后第5天也出现峰值(4.216 g·hm~(-2)d~(-1));(2)土壤温度会显著影响氧化亚氮的排放量,氧化亚氮的排放量在一天内表现出下午(16:00—20:00)中午(12:00—16:00)上午(8:00—12:00)夜间(20:00—8:00)的变化特征;(3)每月中旬对试验样地进行灌水处理后,由于干湿交替过于频繁,氧化亚氮的排放量明显增大;在不施肥的月份里,氧化亚氮的排放量呈现出月中月初月末的变化特征;(4)氧化亚氮的月累积量,在施肥后的4月和6月均较高,分别达到106.564和97.276 g·hm~(-2)月-1;在香梨树的整个生育期内,氧化亚氮的累积总量达到了455.54 g·hm~(-2)。     

库尔勒香梨园土壤氨挥发速率及累积规律

为了掌握库尔勒香梨园土壤氨挥发特征与挥发损失量,以6年树龄库尔勒香梨园为研究对象,采用密闭式集气法对香梨整个生育期的香梨园土壤氨挥发速率及累积量进行研究。结果表明:施肥、灌溉及温度对库尔勒香梨园土壤氨挥发有显著影响。氨挥发速率在一天内的变化,由于温度的影响而具体表现为下午(16:00~20:00)、中午(12:00~16:00)、早上(8:00~12:00)、夜间(20:00~08:00)挥发速率依次降低,并在施肥后的第4天下午(16:00~20:00)时达到最大值0.032 kg/(hm~2·h);氨挥发日累积量在不施肥的情况下随着香梨生育期的推进而逐渐减少,最后趋于平稳。而在4月1日和6月1日对试验样地进行施肥后,氨挥发日累积量明显增加,在4月5日和6月5日分别达到0.411和0.318 kg/(hm~2·d)。在每个月10日对试验样地进行灌水后,氨挥发日累积量明显增加,在5月15日达到最大值0.24 kg/(hm~2·d);氨挥发月累积量在基施肥处理的4月和追施肥处理的6月较大,分别达到9.086和7.619 kg/(hm~2·m)。在香梨整个生育期内,氨挥发累积量达到36.52 kg/hm~2,占总施肥量的12.17%,损失量较大。     

Anti-inflammatory activities of new succinic and maleic derivatives from the fruiting body of Antrodia camphorata

Six new compounds, trans-3-isobutyl-4-[4-(3-methyl-2-butenyloxy)phenyl]pyrrolidine-2,5-dione (1), trans-1-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-isobutylpyrrolidine-2,5-dione (2), cis-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-isobutyldihydrofuran-2,5-dione (3), 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-isobutyl-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione (4), 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-isobutylfuran-2,5-dione (5), and dimethyl 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-isobutylmaleate (6), together with one known compound, 3-isobutyl-4-[4-(3-methyl-2-butenyloxy)phenyl]furan-2,5-dione (7), were isolated from the fruiting bodies of Antrodia camphorata. The structures of the compounds were elucidated by analysis of their spectroscopic data. To investigate the immunomodulatory potential of the compounds, RAW264.7 macrophage cells were treated with the compounds. Compound 1 significantly increased spontaneous TNF-alpha secretion from unstimulated RAW264.7 cells but suppressed IL-6 production [50% inhibition concentration value (IC50) = 10 microg/mL] in LPS-stimulated cells. Compounds 3, 4, and 6 also suppressed IL-6 production with IC50 values of 17, 18, and 25 microg/mL, respectively, suggesting that these four compounds may have an anti-inflammatory effect on macrophage-mediated responses. Of the six compounds, compound 1 was the most effective, exerting both immunostimulatory and anti-inflammatory effects.     

站场ESD系统触发回路可靠性及提升措施

天然气输气站场ESD系统是SIS保护层的重要环节,专注作用于工艺过程失控时的风险降低。西气东输管道公司站场使用的ESD系统,存在ESD按钮回路故障、系统接地等隐患,可能导致工艺过程失控,影响系统安全性及可用性。通过分析西气东输管道公司过去10年中所有ESD误触发事件,比较不同类型的ESD按钮回路及配套数字量输入卡件特点,选择最合理的提升措施,提出有效建议,使设备达到最佳的安全性和可用性,降低ESD误触发频率,可为输气站场ESD系统运行维护、升级改造、更新换代提供借鉴指导。     

Foraging dispersion of Ryukyu flying-foxes and relationships with fig abundance in East-Asian subtropical island forests

Background

Figs are widely distributed key resources to many tropical-subtropical animals, and flying-foxes are major consumers and seed dispersers of figs. Bat-fig interrelationships, however, may vary among species differing in fruiting traits, i.e., bat- versus bird-dispersed figs. We examined Ryukyu flying-fox foraging dispersion and the relationships with tree species composition and fig abundance in forests of Iriomote Island.

Results

Bat foraging dispersion showed no spatial patterns with respect to different areas of the island, and was not explained by heterogeneity, density, or basal area (BA) of total trees, nor by relative density or BA of fruiting trees or total fruiting figs among sites. Instead, bat densities were positively dependent on the relative density of total figs, and particularly the relative BA of bat-dispersed figs Ficus septica and F. variegata. Both species were dominant figs in forests, fruiting asynchronously with long crop seasons, and were used as predominant foods. Bats foraged mostly solitarily and the mean density was in a hump-shaped relationship with crop sizes of the dominant bat-figs. These two species and Ficus benguetensis are larger-sized bat-figs, all contained more seeds, higher dry-pulp mass and water mass, but not necessarily water content. By approximate estimation, higher proportions of seeds of these bat-figs would have been removed from fruits through the bat consumption, than that of small-sized bird-figs like F. virgata, F. superba, and F. microcarpa.

Conclusions

The foraging dispersion of Ryukyu flying-foxes in forests depends on the availability of the most abundant bat-figs that serve as predominant foods. Intermediate levels of crop sizes of theses figs appear most fit with their solitary foraging. Our results suggest that as density and BA coverage of these dominant bat-figs are below a certain level, their effectiveness to attract bats may dwindle and so would their chance of dispersal by bats.

     

Novel Wx alleles induced by chemical mutagens in rice,Oryza sativa L.

From mutant pools of two Taiwanese elite japonica cultivars, Tainung 67 and Taikeng 8, we identified 13 mutant lines possessing opaque endosperm with relatively low amylose contents (AC) ranging from 1.5% to 7.1%. Because of different AC, paste viscosities of these 13 mutant lines differed, as revealed by palatability and physicochemical properties. The mutated gene conferring opaque endosperm was isolated from the F₂ population of one mutant line, WY1× indica cv. ‘Taichung Sen 17’, by positional cloning, revealing a G3018→A3018 substitution at exon 9 of Waxy leading to a non‐synonymous mutation from alanine to valine. Two additional alleles were identified from the other 12 mutant lines, for which single‐nucleotide substitutions G2708 → A2708 and G3029 → A3029 occurred in exons 8 and 9, leading to non‐synonymous mutations from arginine to histidine and glutamic acid to lysine, respectively. The three novel wx alleles had different effects on grain quality, specifically on eating and cooking quality, and could be applied in rice breeding programmes to develop new low AC varieties by marker‐assisted selection.