Degradation of triphenyltin chloride on sugar beet plants and in rats

The degradation of triphenyltin chloride on the leaves of sugar beet proceeds via di- and mono-phenyltin compounds to inorganic tin( IV ). This degradation scheme has also been observed in rats, as the same metabolites were found in urine and faeces of these animals. After a single application of triphenyltin chloride, more than 90% of the tin given is excreted within one week (approx. 88% with the faeces and approx. 3% with the urine). The experiments were performed with radioactive (C₆H₅)₃¹¹³SnCl.     

Phosphorus homeostasis in dairy cows with abomasal displacement or abomasal volvulus

Abnormal phosphorus homeostasis occurs in dairy cows with an abomasal displacement or volvulus. The goal of this study was to identify potential mechanisms for hypophosphatemia and hyperphosphatemia in cows with a left displaced abomasum (LDA), right displaced abomasum (RDA), or abomasal volvulus (AV). Accordingly, the results of preoperative clinicopathologic analyses for 1,368 dairy cows with an LDA (n = 1,189), RDA, or AV (n = 179) (data set 1) and for 44 cows with an AV (data set 2) were retrieved. Laboratory values were compared by Student's t-tests, and correlation and regression analyses were performed. Thirty-four percent of the animals from data set 1 (463/1,368) were hypophosphatemic (serum phosphorus concentration ([Pi]) < 1.4 mmol/L), and 9% (122/1,368) were hyperphosphatemic ([Pi] >2.3 mmol/L). Serum [Pi] was significantly lower (P < .05) in cows with an LDA (1.60 +/- 0.53 mmol/L; mean +/- SD) than in cows with an RDA or AV (1.85 +/- 0.68 mmol/L). For cows with an LDA, [Pi] was correlated with serum urea nitrogen concentration ([SUN]) (r = 0.34) and serum concentration of magnesium ([Mg]) (r = 0.20). For cows with an RDA or AV, linear correlations existed between [Pi] and [SUN] (r = 0.45), [Mg] (r = 0.43), and serum chloride concentration ([Cl]) (r = -0.27). Stepwise logistic regression analysis indicated that low [SUN] and the diagnosis of an LDA had the strongest associations with hypophosphatemia. In cows with hyperphosphatemia, [Pi] was most strongly associated with azotemia. In cows with an AV, the strongest correlations with [Pi] were found for [SUN] and serum creatinine. We conclude that hypophosphatemia in cows with an LDA is primarily due to decreased feed intake. In contrast, hyperphosphatemia in cattle with an RDA or AV appears to result from dehydration and decreased renal blood flow.     

Methodical influence on selected parameters of the acid-base equilibrium in urine samples from dairy cows

Estimation of net acid base excretion (NABE) in urine samples of dairy cows has often been reported in the veterinary literature. NABE has been proved to be meaningful in estimation of disturbances in the cows acid base equilibrium. In order to examine the meaningfulness of this method different factors with possible influences on NABE were tested. Estimation of simple and fractionated NABE lead to comparable results. Whereas implementation of fractionated NABE is linked with higher expense, simple NABE gives information at lower expense. After four days storing of urine samples in the refrigerator the concentration of NH4+ increased significantly. In view of using this parameter to estimate the acid metabolic situation this may lead to false information. Therefore urine samples should be examined at least within three days after collecting and refrigerated storing. Sediment distribution significantly influenced all urine parameters. Above all the shift of the values into direction of the reference limit may result in the assessment of individual cows as risk group. Homogeneous mixing of the urine samples must be carried out before NSBA-determination. A higher air portion in the sample containers lead to a significant increase of the pH in urine samples. To prevent influences of the air on urine samples, sample containers should be filled completely.     

Metabolism and fate of triazophos in rats

The excretion patterns and tissue residues were determined after single and repeated oral dosing of rats with triazophos-¹⁴C Within 4 days after a single oral dose 76.3 % of the ¹⁴C was excreted in the urine and 21.0% in the faeces. After daily application for 12 days 69.5–83.4% of the label was eliminated in urine and 30.9–18.1 % in the faeces. Following prolonged application, however, elimination is distinctly slower. Distribution of radioactive residues in organs and tissue in both test series showed no appreciable or critical concentrations of radioactivity, with the exception of the gastrointestinal tract (contents and walls). Unchanged triazophos and l-phenyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-ol-3-¹⁴C were excreted in the faeces. Renewed release of other metabolites into the gastrointestinal tract apparently does not take place. The following metabolites are detected in the urine: urea-¹⁴C (approx. 85% of the radioactivity excreted with the urine); and three compounds as conjugates with glucuronic acid, i.e. 1-phenyl-l,2,4-triazol-3-ol-3-¹⁴C (approx. 3%), l-phenylsemicarbazide-3-¹⁴C (approx. 5%), and semicarbazide-¹⁴C (approx. 5%). Two further metabolites, so far unidentified, occurred in small quantities.     

Über die Sterine vonSolanum tuberosum L. Sterine und Triterpenoide. VIII. Mitteilung

Zusammenfassung Aus Blättern der KartoffelpflanzeSolanum tuberosum Aquila wurde außer Cycloartenol (I), 24-Methylen-cycloartanol (II) (?), Lophenol (III), 24-Methylen-(IV) und 24-Äthyliden-lophenol (V) in 0,05%iger Ausbeute (bezogen auf Blatt-Trockengew.) ein Steringemisch isoliert, das nach dem Molekül-Massenspektrum (Ionisierung durch Anlagerung energiearmer negativer Ladungsträger) aus etwa 49% -Sitosterin (VIII), 36% Stigmasterin (IX), 12% Cholesterin (VI) und 3% Campesterin (VII) zusammengesetzt ist. Weiterhin ließen sich die homologen n-Paraffine C₂₅H₅₂ bis C₃₃H₆₈ und iso-Paraffine C₂₉H₆₀ bis C₃₃H₆₈ (Hauptkomponente mit ca. 51% n-Hentriacontan) sowie geringe Mengen höherer aliphatischer Ketone, vor allem Tritriacontanon, gaschromatographisch bzw. molekülmassenspektrographisch nachweisen.

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Summary In addition to cycloartenol (I), 24-methylene-cycloartanol (II) (?), lophenol (III), 24-methylene-(IV) and 24-ethylidene-lophenol (V) a mixture of sterols has been isolated from leaves of the potato plantSolanum tuberosum Aquila (0,05% of the dry weight), which, according to our molecular mass spectrographic investigations employing negative ionization, contains approximately 49% -sitosterol (VIII), 36% stigmasterol (IX), 12% cholesterol (VI), and 3% campesterol (VII). Furthermore the homologous n-alkanes C₂₅H₅₂ to C₃₃H₆₈ and iso-alkanes C₂₉H₆₀ to C₃₃H₆₈ (the main component being n-triacontane with ca. 51%) as well as some higher aliphatic ketones, especially tritriacontanone, have been detected by gas-liquid chromatographic and molecular mass spectrographic methods.

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am ¶rt;au Solanum tuberosum L., , (I), 24- (II) (?), (III), 24-- (IV) 24-- (V) ( 0,05% ). « -» ( ) 49%- (VIII), 36% (IX), 12% (VI) 3% (VII). () « -» - ( _{2552 3368}) - ( _{2960 3368}), 51%-, , .

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VII. Mitteilung: von Ardenne und Mitarb. (1965b).

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Zugleich IV. Mitteilung der Reihe Molekül-Massenspektrographie von Naturstoffen. — III. Mitteilung: von Ardenne und Mitarb. (1965b).

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Forschungsinstitut Manfred von Ardenne, Dresden-Weißer Hirsch.

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Teil der Dissertation von G. Osske, Univ. Halle, 1963.     

From explanation to application: introducing a practice-oriented ecosystem services evaluation (PRESET) model adapted to the context of landscape planning and management

The development and use of the conceptual framework of ecosystem services (ES) has been very successful in supporting the broad diffusion and application of ES within science and policy communities. However, most of the currently proposed interpretations of the framework neither correlate to environmental planning nor to decision-making contexts at the local and regional scale, which is a potential reason for the slow adoption and practice of the ES conceptual framework. This paper proposes a practice-oriented ES evaluation (PRESET) model specifically adapted to the requirements of local and regional planning and decision-making contexts, and discusses its potential benefits and implications for practice. Through the usage of PRESET we suggest making a distinction between ‘offered ES’, ‘utilized ES’, ‘human input’, and ‘ES benefits’ as relevant information for decision-making. Furthermore, we consider it important to link these decision-support categories to different value dimensions relevant in planning and management practice. PRESET provides guidance to inject the ES concept into planning, but needs to be implemented together with concrete assessment methods, indicators and data. The planning strategic benefits of using PRESET include its reference to existing legislative objectives, avoiding the risk that monetized ES values might dominate decision-making, clarification of human contributions, and easier identification of land use conflicts and synergies. Examples are given for offered and utilized ES, as well as for respective evaluation approaches and instruments of implementation.     

Bioassays for the ecotoxicological and genotoxicological assessment of contaminated soils (Results of a round-robin test)

For the assessment of contaminated or remediated soils, aside from chemical analyses, ecotoxicological tests are performed which focus on the retention function of soils (determined by tests with aqueous soil extracts) and on the habitat function (determined by tests with soil). Whereas numerous tests exist as standardized guidelines for identifying the effect of chemicals, this is not the case for the assessment of soil quality. A round-robin test was performed to monitor the comparability of the results from ecotoxicological test methods on soils and to facilitate the standardization of corresponding test methods. Four contaminated soils were tested using a total number of fifteen test systems, including ecotoxicological and genotoxicological tests with soil extracts and soil. In the second part of this publication series, the results obtained from the tests with soil microorganisms and soil fauna are presented.     

A gamma-glutamyl peptide isolated from onion (Allium cepa L.) by bioassay-guided fractionation inhibits resorption activity of osteoclasts

One gram of onion added to the food of rats inhibits significantly (p < 0.05) bone resorption as assessed by the urinary excretion of tritium released from bone of 9-week-old rats prelabeled with tritiated tetracycline from weeks 1 to 6. To isolate and identify the bone resorption inhibiting compound from onion, onion powder was extracted and the extract fractionated by column chromatography and medium-pressure liquid chromatography. A single active peak was finally obtained by semipreparative high-performance liquid chromatography. The biological activity of the various fractions was tested in vitro on the activity of osteoclasts to form resorption pits on a mineralized substrate. Medium, containing the various fractions or the pure compound, was added to osteoclasts of new-born rats settled on ivory slices. After 24 h of incubation, the tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase positive multinucleated cells, that is, osteoclasts, were counted. Subsequently, the number of resorption pits was determined. Activity was calculated as the ratio of resorption pits/osteoclasts and was compared to a negative control, that is, medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum only and to calcitonin (10(-12) M) as a positive control. Finally, a single peak inhibited osteoclast activity significantly (p < 0.05). The structure of this compound was elucidated with high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry, time-of-flight electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The single peak was identified as gamma-L-glutamyl-trans-S-1-propenyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide (GPCS). It has a molecular mass of 306 Da and inhibits dose-dependently the resorption activity of osteoclasts, the minimal effective dose being approximately 2 mM. As no other peak displayed inhibitory activity, it likely is responsible for the effect of onion on bone resorption.