Nitrogen turnover of legume seed meals as affected by seed meal texture and quality at different temperatures

The aim was to investigate how legume seed meal texture and corresponding quality affects N turnover at different temperatures. Therefore, the effect of size fractionation ‘fine’ and ‘coarse’ of seed meals of yellow lupin (Lupinus luteus L.), blue lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) and faba bean (Vicia faba L.) on net N mineralization and turnover was investigated in an incubation experiment at 5°C, 12°C and 20°C. The differences in N release from the two particle size fractions could not be detected at 12 and 20°C incubation temperature. Moreover, net N mineralization at 5°C was higher during incubation of the coarse particle size fractions than during incubation of the fine fraction. In contrast to the common understanding of temperature dependence of microbial processes, the overall influence of incubation temperature on net N mineralization was less expressed. The formation of microbial biomass was highest at 5°C. The subsequent decrease of soil microbial biomass was only partly reflected by net N mineralization suggesting the formation of microbial residues as a preliminary N sink. The control of the N release from legume seed meals seems to be dominated by the N-immobilizing effects of polyphenols at lower temperatures and of C-rich polymers (hemicelluloses) at higher temperatures.     

Can Polish wheat (Triticum polonicum L.) be an interesting gene source for breeding wheat cultivars with increased resistance to Fusarium head blight?

Nine spring lines of Polish wheat (Triticum polonicum) were compared with Kamut wheat and two common wheat cultivars. Plants were analyzed to determine morphometric parameters (plant height, spike length, spike density, grain weight per spike and single kernel weight) and some chemical properties of grain: content of protein, ash, fat, crude fiber, minerals and mycotoxins. The studied genotypes produced a relatively weak response to infection with Fusarium culmorum which was expressed by a decrease in grain weight per spike and single kernel weight by 13 % and over 6 %, respectively. The grain of T. polonicum was characterized by a significantly higher protein and ash content than the grain of common wheat (by 19.8 and 23.7 %, respectively) and considerably higher concentrations of fat and dietary fiber than Kamut wheat (by 30.2 and 17.4 %, respectively). In comparison with common wheat, the grain of the examined genotypes was significantly more abundant in sulfur, magnesium and potassium as well as zinc, iron, copper and molybdenum. It contained significantly less aluminum and strontium. The inoculation led to a significant increase in fusariotoxin levels in the grain of all studied genotypes, and the average concentrations of the above metabolites were lower in the grain of T. polonicum than in Triticum aestivum. Polish wheat may constitute valuable genetic material for breeding new wheat varieties characterized by a high nutritive value and satisfactory resistance to FHB.     

The Use of Dinitrocresol-Mineral Oil Sprays for the Control of Prolonged Rest in Apple Orchards

Summary

Pluots are putative hybrids between plums (Prunus salicina Lindl.) and apricots (P. armeniaca L.). The capability to distinguish among plum and pluot cultivars is important in breeding and cultivation. We investigated the genetic diversity among 14 plums, 6 pluots and one plumcot representing commercial cultivars in California, with 28 microsatellite markers. We also tested seven apricot cultivars as a reference to ®nd evidence of apricot in the ancestry of pluots and plumcot. The parental material used in the original cross that produced the pluot and plumcot was not available. Of the 28 SSR markers, 25 were from sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) and three from peach (Prunus persica L.). Approximately 80% of the cherry primers generated ampli®cation products in plum and pluots, showing transportability between these Prunus species. One to eight putative alleles per locus were displayed by the tested SSRs in plums and pluots. In plum and pluot samples a total of 100 alleles were identi®ed with an average of 4.3 alleles per primer combination. The SSR markers were successfully used for the discrimination of all tested cultivars. In pluots, 76 alleles were found in which 63 (83%) were speci®cally coming from plum, 9 (12%) were common in plum, pluots and apricot while no allele in the pluots was observed that was contributed from apricot. In plumcot, 49 alleles were observed in which 25 (51%) were from plum, 18 (36%) were speci®cally from apricot and 6 (12%) were common in plum, plumcot and apricot. Relationships among the 28 plum, pluot and apricot cultivars were represented by a dendrogram, constructed on the basis of 168 SSR markers. The dendrogram showed the plums and pluots form a cluster distinct from the apricots, with pluot cultivars interspersed among plum cultivars and more closely related to plum than to apricot. Plumcot made a separate branch and was placed between the plum and apricot cluster. These results suggest that the SSR markers are valuable tools for identi®cation of cultivars and diversity analyses in plum.     

Über die Sterine und Triterpenoide vonSolanum demissum Lindl. undSolanum polyadenium Greenm.

Zusammenfassung In Blättern der mexikanischen WildkartoffelnSolanum demissum Lindl. undSolanum polyadenium Greenm. wurden insbesondere mit Hilfe der Molekül-Massenspektrographie (negative Ionisierung) folgende Triterpenoide und Sterine nachgewiesen: Cycloartenol (I), 24-Methylen-cycloartanol (II) (?), -Sitosterin (VIII), Stigmasterin (IX), Campesterin (VII) und Cholesterin (VI), inS. demissum außerdem geringe Mengen Lophenol (III), 24-Methylen- (VI) und 24-Äthyliden-lophenol (V). Als nichtsteroide Begleitstoffe konnten in der Rohsterinfraktion ausS. demissum höhere aliphatische Ketone, vor allem Hentriacontanon und Tritriacontanon, sowie Alkohole, speziell Hexacosanol und Octacosanol, festgestellt werden. Die entsprechende Fraktion ausS. polyadenium enthielt stattdessen neben geringen Mengen der genannten Ketone und Alkohole die homologen Paraffine Octacosan bis Hentriacontan, insbesondere jedoch Nonacosan.

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Summary Leaves of the Mexican wild potatoesSolanum demissum Lindl. andSolanum polyadenium Greenm. have been shown particularly by molecular mass spectrographic analysis employing negative ionization to contain the following triterpenoids and sterols: cycloartenol (I), 24-methylene-cycloartanol (II) (?), -sitosterol (VIII), stigmasterol (IX), campesterol (VII), and cholesterol (VI),S. demissum furthermore little amounts of lophenol (III), 24-methylene- (IV) and 24-ethylidene-lophenol (V). The non-steroidal constituents of the crude sterol fraction fromS. demissum were higher aliphatic ketones especially hentriacontanone and tritriacontanone, as well as alcohols, particularly hexacosanol and octacosanol. The corresponding fraction fromS. polyadenium contains of that the homologous alkanes octacosane to hentriacontane, but especially nonacosane.

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am ¶rt;au Solanum demissum Lindl. Solanum polyadenium Greenm. , « -» ( ) : (I), 24-- (II) (?), - (VIII), (IX), (VII) (VI); S. demissum (III), 24-- (IV) 24-- (V). « » S. demissum , , , , . S. polyadenium , , , .

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VIII. Mitteilung: von Ardenne und Mitarb. (1965c).

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Zugleich V. Mitteilung der Reihe Molekül-Massenspektrographie von Naturstoffen. — IV. Mitteilung: von Ardenne und Mitarb. (1965c).

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Forschungsinstitut Manfred von Ardenne, Dresden-Weißer Hirsch.

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Teil der Dissertation von G. Osske, Univ. Halle, 1963.     

Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of hydrazine in maleic hydrazide formulations and in samples stored at an elevated temperature

A method is described for the analysis of small amounts of hydrazine in maleic hydrazide formulations. Following derivative formation with pentafluorobenz-aldehyde, the pentafluorobenzaldehyde azine was extracted with hexane and determined by gas-liquid chromatography with electron-capture detection. Recoveries of 72-80% were obtained from samples fortified with 1 and 10 μg of hydrazine. The limit of detection was 0.05 mg kg^?1. Fourteen commercial formulations with maleic hydrazide concentrations ranging from 180-360 g litre^?1 were investigated. The hydrazine content of the maleic hydrazide used in these formulations ranged from less than 0.05 to 53 mg kg^?1. During the storage of two samples at 50°C for 10 weeks, the hydrazine contents increased from 2.2 to 124 and 0.4 to 54 mg litre^?1, respectively.     

Der Schutz der Kulturen durch eine Schneedecke

Ohne ZusammenfassungZu der Bearbeitung vorliegender Versuche konnte ich die Unterstützung der Deulschen Forschungsgemeinschaft (Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft) erhalten. Dafür spreche ich auch an dieser Stelle meinen Dank aus. Er gilt ebeuso Herrn Dipl. Verf. Verft. Otto Kroidl, der mir dadurch als lieber Mit-arbeiter bei den umfangreichen Auswerte= und Rechnungsarbeiten zur Seite stehen konnte.