Acremonium zeae, a protective endophyte of maize, produces dihydroresorcylide and 7-hydroxydihydroresorcylides

Acremonium zeae has been characterized as a protective endophyte of maize and displays antifungal activity against other fungi. Pyrrocidines A and B were discovered to be the metabolites accounting for this activity. During a population survey of A. zeae isolates from maize seeds produced in nine states to determine their ability to produce pyrrocidines, another metabolite of A. zeae, unrelated to the pyrrocidines, was found to have widespread occurrence (105 of 154 isolates) and to be produced in amounts comparable to the pyrrocidines. Further chemical studies of fermentation extracts of an A. zeae isolate (NRRL 45893) from maize led to the identification of a new compound, dihydroresorcylide, the saturated analogue of cis-resorcylide. Also identified were the two diastereomers of 7-hydroxydihydroresorcylide. Dihydroresorcylide and pyrrocidines A and B were detected by LC-APCI-MS in symptomatic maize kernels from ears that were wound-inoculated in the milk stage with A. zeae NRRL 34559.     

钼与花生根瘤菌的复配及在酸性紫色土上的接种效果

通过供试菌株Spr4-5、Spr2-9耐钼酸钠、钼酸铵试验表明,根瘤菌耐Mo能力强,耐钼酸铵能力比钼酸钠强,不同菌株耐钼能力不同。在研制的“高效根瘤菌+Mo”的复合菌肥中,用钼酸铵生产的复合菌肥比用钼酸钠的活菌数高,高活菌数持续的时间长;复合菌肥的pH一般随含钼量的增加和贮存时间的延长而升高,但复合钼酸铵菌肥pH增幅较小,复合钼酸钠菌肥pH增幅较大。在贮存的180d内,复合钼酸铵的菌肥活菌数和pH均符合《根瘤菌肥料》质量标准;钼酸钠对菌肥的活菌数和pH影响大,钼酸钠不宜作为钼肥添加到根瘤菌剂中。盆栽试验表明,不同菌株共生固氮的有效性与钼酸铵浓度相关。钼酸铵浓度为0.2%时,供试菌株Spr.4-5共生固氮效果最好,比CK增产73.4%,比传统菌肥增产13.7%,占瘤率为59.7%;钼酸铵浓度为0.3%时,Spr.2-9共生固氮效果最好,比CK增产49%,比传统菌肥增产21.4%,占瘤率为70.3%;其增产效果均达极显著水平。     

乳酸菌对泡菜发酵过程中亚硝酸盐含量变化及泡菜品质的影响研究

将棒状乳杆菌棒状亚种(L.coryniformis)、短乳杆菌(L.brevis)、布氏乳杆菌(L.buchneri)、干酪乳杆菌干酪亚种(L.caseisubsp.Casei)、植物乳杆菌(L.plantarun)五种乳酸菌分别接种于泡菜中作为优势菌和传统的自然发酵泡菜方式进行比较,分别对泡菜的亚硝酸盐的产生及变化、pH值的变化、感官品质进行比较分析。结果表明:植物乳杆菌可以明显缩短泡菜的发酵时间,泡菜的色、香、味明显较好,并且显着降低亚硝酸盐的含量。     

四川攀西地区豆科蔬菜丛枝菌根真菌的初步研究

用湿筛倾析-蔗糖离心法分离土样中丛枝菌根真菌的孢子,并用形态学方法对其进行种类鉴定。研究结果显示,攀西地区的豆科蔬菜中共分离出2属9种丛枝菌根真菌,球囊霉属(Glomus)8种,G.luteum、G.mosseae、G.aggregatum、G.lamellosum、G.claroideum、G.etunicatum、G.intraradices、G.occultum;无梗囊霉属(Acaulospora)1种,A.delicata。丛枝菌根真菌与攀西豆科蔬菜的共生性良好,其种类较多,种群结构丰富。     

First molecular detection of Lecanosticta acicola from Poland on Pinus mugo

The presence of quarantine pathogen Lecanosticta acicola, the causal agent of brown spot needle blight, was confirmed using molecular methods for the first time in northern part of Poland on the coastal area adjacent to the Baltic Sea. This area includes sandy beaches, where Pinus mugo and P. sylvestris were planted. Symptomatic needles were collected in 2017 from 20 P. mugo trees growing in one stand in Ustka. Typical symptoms of brown spot needle blight infection, including dead needle tips and central zones with yellow or reddish brown, circular spots in green tissue, were observed on all samples. Only, the asexual stage of L. acicola was obtained during this work. The pathogen species identity was confirmed using classical morphological methods (microscopic examination of the infected needles), real‐time and species‐specific priming (SSPP) PCR, and ITS sequencing. Analysis of mating‐type (MAT) genes showed the presence of both mating types in northern Poland.     

Small-distance variation of carbon and nitrogen storage in mineral Antarctic Cryosols near Casey Station (Wilkes Land)

In the antarctic summer 1996 top soils and whole profiles were collected systematically near the Australian Casey Station (Wilkes Land) in order to specify the carbon and nitrogen storage in permafrost-affected mineral soils (Cryosols) of coastal areas of Antarctica. Cryorthents, Cryaquepts and Haplocryods are the main soil units observed. The organic matter accumulation in mineral soils of the ice-free coastal Antarctic region is similar to that of comparable Arctic regions. A small-distance storage variation is mainly due to the patch pattern of topography, geomorphology and especially soil geography. Haplocryods are important sinks of carbon and nitrogen, whereas the storage in the Cryaquepts is of minor importance. In addition, large parts of the landscape are characterized by Lilhic Cryonhents. which store nearly 50% of the organic carbon and 40% of the nitrogen. A high variability in the C and N concentration and storage complicates a calculation of soil C and N storage of the total landscape necessary for developing ecosystem models. However, the survey on landscape level suggests that in 75% of the landscape sites the soil carbon and nitrogen stock is very similar, but a wide-spread podzolization and/or extraordinary organic matter accumulation increases the stocks to a great extent. For this reason a storage estimation could be improved by a proper soil survey.     

Effects of Sex,Feed and Pre-slaughter Routines on Technological Meat Quality in Carriers and Non-carriers of the RN − allele

The aim of this project was to study the effects of feeding system (dry or wet feeding with whey), dietary lysine level and pre-slaughter routines on technological meat quality in entire male, female and castrated male pigs, which were carriers or non-carriers of the RN ^? allele. The feeding system only affected the yield of processed meat, resulting in lower Napole yield (87.5% vs 89.4%) for meat of whey fed pigs. Further, lower dietary lysine levels resulted in higher drip loss of the meat compared with high dietary levels (5.3% vs 4.8%). Mixing of unfamiliar pigs prior to slaughter led to meat with lower internal reflectance values (28.3 vs 32.2) and glucose+G-6-P concentrations of the meat juice (46.3 vs 49.7 μmol/ml) compared with pen-wise slaughtering. In comparison with non-carriers, RN ^? carriers had significantly lower ultimate pH, shear force values and water-holding capacity. Mixing of non-carrier pigs prior to slaughter gave higher Napole yield compared with those handled pen-wise. Females had lower ultimate pH and higher Napole yield compared with entire males.     

Effects of desiccation on the physiology and biochemistry of Quercus alba acorns

Seeds that lose viability when dried to a water content of less than 12% are said to be recalcitrant. We subjected acorns of Quercus alba L., a species with recalcitrant seeds, to desiccation to determine the effects of drying on lipids, proteins and carbohydrates of the embryonic axis and cotyledon tissues. Samples of fresh seed and seed dried for selected intervals were analyzed for water content and germination, and for lipids, proteins and carbohydrates by Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Carbohydrates were further analyzed by gas chromatography (GC). The FT-IR analysis revealed that membrane lipid structure initially exhibited reversible shifts between gel and liquid crystalline phases in response to drying and rehydration; however, reversibility declined as viability was lost. Changes in carbohydrate concentration were observed based on peak height comparisons; sucrose concentration in the embryonic axis increased dramatically after 5 days of drying. The most sensitive indicator of desiccation damage was the irreversible change in protein secondary structure in embryonic axes and cotyledon tissue. These changes were illustrated by shifts in amide absorbance near 1650 cm(-1). Gas chromatography indicated an abundance of sucrose in both the embryonic axes and the cotyledon tissue. Although sucrose concentrations in these tissues were initially similar, sucrose concentration in the embryonic axes became significantly greater than in the cotyledons as the acorns dried. We hypothesize that, in drying acorns, increased concentration of sucrose does not prevent loss of viability, but acts as a glycoprotectant against cell collapse and cell wall membrane damage as water stress increases.     

The potential of somatic hybridization in crop breeding

Summary In recent years, the rapid development of somatic cell genetics has made possible the transfer of alien genes over wide taxonomic distances by somatic hybridization. In this review, the potential of somatic hybridization in the breeding of crops within the Brassicaceae, Fabaceae, Poaceae and Solanaceae is discussed. It is evident from these studies that many hybrids, either symmetric or asymmetric, which are fertile have the potential to be used as a bridge between the alien species and the crop. Progeny analysis of some hybrid combinations also reveals intergenomic translocations which may lead to the introgression of the alien genes. Furthermore, fusion techniques enable the resynthesis of allopolyploid crops to increase their genetic variability and to restore ploidy level and heterozygosity after breeding at reduced ploidy level in polyploid crops.