中国森林火灾发生规律及预测模型研究

量化分析森林火灾发生规律能为预测和防治森林火灾提供科学依据。文中采用四参数Weibull分布描述了我国森林火灾发生次数和火场面积分布规律,运用Spearman相关系数分析承灾主体因子、灾害管理因子、孕灾环境因子与森林火灾发生次数、面积间关系,基于全国森林火灾数据分别建立灰色系统理论模型、BP人工神经网络模型和时间序列ARIMA模型,并采用Markov随机过程改进已建立模型。结果表明,我国森林火灾发生次数分布呈左偏正态分布,火场面积呈倒J型分布,火灾次数和火场面积分布模型拟合决定系数分别为0.63和0.66;承灾主体、孕灾环境和灾害管理对森林火灾次数和火场面积影响程度依次减小,人工林面积、累年年平均气温、年降雨量平均差值、年最低气温平均日数与森林火灾发生具有明显相关性,影响森林火灾的因子与森林火灾发生次数、火场面积间存在指数型关系;不同模型对森林火灾发生次数和火场面积拟合优度次序为BP模型、GM（1,1）-Markov模型、BP-Markov模型、GM（1,1）模型、ARIMA模型、ARIMA-Markov模型,采用Markov过程能显著改进GM（1,1）预测模型对火灾随机性的预测效果,可以更好地反映森林火灾发生规律。     

A novel aporphine alkaloid from Magnolia officinalis

A novel aporphine alkaloid, magnofficine (1), has been isolated from the root barks of the Chinese medicinal plant Magnolia officinalis, along with seven known compounds. Elucidations of their structures were achieved by spectroscopic methods. Magnofficine is the first example of an adduct of aporphine alkaloid and 4-hydroxyphenethylamino bridged by a methylene.     

集体林分权条件下的林地细碎化程度及与农户林地投入产出的关系——基于江西省8县602户农户调查数据的分析

以江西省8个县602户农户调查数据为基础,运用定量统计方法,分析集体林分权条件下的林地细碎化程度、农户投入水平及与林地产出的关系,以验证集体林权制度改革后的农户林地细碎化经营是否具有经济合理性.实证结果表明:以S指数衡量,江西省样本县林地细碎化的程度达到0.55,受访农户林地细碎化程度与地貌特征之间未出现明显的关联性;以户均数据衡量,受访农户从家庭收入中用于林业投资的比例维持在30％左右,且传统林业重点县的农户林业投入比例要明显高于非林业重点县.计量模型计算结果表明,S指数衡量的林地细碎化程度对农户林业投入和林地产出水平均构成负向影响趋势;曲线模型临界值分析表明,当农户林地细碎化程度低于0.23或高于0.69时,农户投资林业的积极性则随着林地细碎化程度高低呈现正向变化趋势,当林地细碎化程度低于0.22或高于0.67时,林地细碎化程度对林地产出水平表现为负向影响趋势.     

Protein phosphatases 1 and 2A and the regulation of calcium uptake and pollen tube development in Picea wilsonii

To investigate the roles of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A in the development of pollen tubes of Picea wilsonii Mast., pollen grains were cultured in standard medium in the presence and absence of the protein phosphatase inhibitors okadaic acid and calyculin A. At nanomolar concentrations, these compounds blocked pollen tube growth, causing abnormal morphologies of the pollen tubes. Studies with Fluo-3 revealed that the inhibitors reduced the pollen-tube tip-to-base cytoplasmic calcium (Ca(2+)) gradient and arrested extracellular Ca(2+) uptake. The transmission electron microscope observations indicated that the fusion of paramural bodies with plasma membranes occurred frequently in the tip and sub-tip regions of control pollen tubes, but fusion rarely occurred in inhibitor-treated pollen tubes. Staining with aniline blue showed that callose accumulated in the tip regions of inhibitor-treated pollen tubes. Immunolabeling of pollen tubes revealed that acidic pectin epitopes recognized by the monoclonal antibody JIM5 were present in the tip region and on the flanks of the sub-tip in normal pollen tubes. In inhibitor-treated pollen tubes, these epitopes existed only in the extreme tip region and at higher concentrations than in control pollen tubes. The esterified pectin recognized by JIM7 was located preferentially at the extreme tip region in normal pollen tubes, but at basal sites in inhibitor-treated tubes. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis further confirmed the changes in acidic and esterified pectin distributions and their relative contents. These results suggest that protein phosphatase 1 or 2A, or both, are involved in the regulation of Ca(2+) uptake across the plasma membrane, in exocytotic activity and in the biosynthesis of cell wall components, all processes that occur in the tip region of pollen tubes and that control pollen tube development.     

黑龙江省公路交通应急指挥系统救援资源数据库的构建

建立公路交通应急指挥系统是为了对突发事件进行快速反应，迅速有效地组织抢险，为公路的交通安全提供强有力的保障。在分析了黑龙江省公路应急指挥系统中存在数据支持不足、直观性不强和信息通道不畅等问题的基础上，提出了一个应急指挥系统资源数据库的构建方案，为公路应急事件的处理提供支持。资源数据库主要由5个辅助数据库、信息共享平台以及其应用功能模块所构成，它保证了应急救援所需信息资源的科学性、实时性和调度的有效性。     

重型木结构在我国的应用和发展

文中总结了重型木结构的特性与相关技术发展动态以及在发达国家和地区的工程应用现状, 结合我国经济社会发展现阶段面临的环境问题和国内土木工程建设技术发展要求, 从政策导向、社会需求、木材资源和技术力量等方面对重型木结构在我国的应用适宜性进行了分析, 最后指出其应用前景。     

Thidiazuron-induced somatic embryos,their multiplication,maturation, and conversion in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cinnamomum pauciflorum</Emphasis> Nees (Lauraceae)

Thidiazuron (TDZ) induced somatic embryogenesis from immature zygotic embryos in Cinnamomum pauciflorum Nees while 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) or picloram only induced callus and/or adventitious buds. The highest induction frequency for somatic embryogenesis was achieved with MS medium (Murashige and Skoog in Physiol Plant 15:473–497 1962) supplemented with 2.5 μM TDZ using torpedo-shaped embryos (3–5 mm in length) as explants. In addition, induction medium was supplemented with 0.8 g l⁻¹ casein, 0.4 g l⁻¹ glutamine, and 10 g l⁻¹ sucrose. Somatic embryos (SEs) initiated from root tips or hypocotyls without callus formation. SEs were maintained and multiplied via secondary somatic embryogenesis. Embryo maintenance medium was similar to induction medium except that TDZ was reduced to 0.5 μM. Secondary embryogenesis was enhanced by supplementation of 5 g l⁻¹ activated charcoal in the culture. The best medium for embryo maturation was MS medium containing 30 g l⁻¹ sucrose and 5 g l⁻¹ Phytagel without plant growth regulators. A typical mature SE consisted of two large cotyledons and a short embryo proper. Approximately 82% of selected mature SEs were able to germinate and 63% could convert into plantlets on germination medium that was composed of half strength MS medium salts, 10 g l⁻¹ sucrose, 3 g l⁻¹ Phytagel, and 5 g l⁻¹ activated charcoal.     

Wenchuan 512 earthquake and giant panda habitat in Wolong, China: A review of strong earthquake effects

In May 12, 2008, a strong earthquake occurred in Wenchuan County in the northern Sichuan Province of China. It registered 8.0 on the Richter scale with an 11-degree quake intensity, killing a large number of people, and causing extensive damage to the local environment. Wolong National Nature Reserve is about 30 km away from the epicenter and is one of the most important giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) habitats in China. Based on the impacts of the Wenchuan 512 earthquake and those of other strong earthquakes in the world, this paper reviews and discusses effects of strong earthquakes on geomorphology, soil chemical and physical properties, forests, bamboo growth, biodiversity, and giant panda habitat. This information may be useful for scientists when undertaking research projects on natural geography, ecological restoration, and habitat restoration in the Reserve and the disaster area.     

南亚东南亚地区的自然保护

1962-1983年间,该地区自然保护区从96个增加到292个。印度1984年国家公园和野生动物保护区数量达275个,面积1000万公顷,占国土面积3%;泰国国家公园和野生动物保护区面积518万公顷,占国土面积10%。孟加拉国、尼泊尔不丹、巴基斯坦、越南的自然保护工作面临很大困难。介绍了南亚和东南亚地区自然保护的目标措施和存在的问题。     

Feature Extraction of defects on wood surface

IntroductionAtpresent,usingthecomputerimageprocessil1gsys-temtofinishthefeatureextractiol1ofw0oddefectsisi11anexpIorat0rystage.ThismetI1odmaydecreasetI1ellmitati0noftl1eexperilnel1talcol1ditions,suChasIights,instrumentsandsomespccialmateriaIs.Itiscol1venic11ttousethiswayandthegoodresuItswilIbeacI1ieved.TherearethreetypicaIwo0dsurfacedefectst0bestudiedintheexperiment,whicI1arekn0t,boreI1oleal1ddecayofLarixandBeIlIlu.Tl1eworkist0separatetl1edefectsfromthewoodsurfaceimagesandprovideagoodba…