沙漠增温效应下绿洲气象要素时空效应特征分析

本文对古尔班通古特沙漠及其南部不同距离绿洲的温度、气压、风向风速及净辐射进行了比较分析。结果表明,沙漠地表面温度和气温升降速度比绿洲观测点要快、变化幅度大;由于各观测点空气相对湿度和温度升降度不同,使得各观测点的气压升降幅度也不同,白天气压的变化曲线呈单蜂型;各观测点在12:00到18:00期间主导风向主要是南风,还有东南或西南风,在20:00时风速几乎为0;早上和晚上沙漠的净辐射高于绿洲,白天近地面净辐射绿洲大于沙漠;对绿洲气象要素时空效应特征分析,为棉花等绿洲优势作物的播种期、物候期、作物生育及生理生态特性具有一定的指导意义。     

Sequential histopathologic changes of type I, pre-type II and type II ostertagiasis in cattle

Yearling cattle in Louisiana were examined at monthly intervals for abomasal nematode burdens and histological lesions over a year. Tracer calves were grazed for 3 to 4 weeks and removed from pasture for 2 to 3 weeks, then slaughtered; a few animals were killed in extremis shortly after removal from pasture. Histological changes were correlated with worm burdens and characterized according to the type of Ostertagia ostertagi infection present. In cattle with acute Type I ostertagiasis, changes varied from eosinophil infiltration to glandular dilation and slight mucous cell hyperplasia with submucosal edema. During the summer months the cattle had worm burdens that were primarily early 4th stage larvae (EL4), with changes characterized by minimal glandular dilation and mucous cell metaplasia and moderate lymphoid cell proliferation and with intramucosal migration of EL4. In the autumn, the maturation of EL4 produced the Type II syndrome with severe glandular changes, prominent mucosal hyperplasia and marked lymphoid cell accumulation. With increased duration of the pre-Type II interval, there was greater development of the subepithelial lymphoid tissue and increased frequency of epithelial globule leukocytes. The lymphoproliferation which occurred during the prolonged pre-Type II interval appeared to be related to the increased severity and mortality seen with the Type II ostertagiasis syndrome.     

Comparison of External and Internal Pelvic Measurements of Belgian Blue Cattle from Sample Herds in Belgium and the United Kingdom

Measurements describing pelvic conformation of pedigree Belgian Blue cows were obtained from a sample of nine herds in Flanders, Belgium, comprising 111 adult breeding cows, and from 11 herds in the United Kingdom comprising 108 similar cows. All herds in the Belgian sample (111 cows) managed parturition by elective caesarian section as did seven herds (56 cows) in the UK sample; the remainder of UK herds (52 cows) allowed cows the opportunity to calve naturally per vagina before resorting to caesarian section. The data described the external and internal measurements, and pelvic area characteristic of this breed, irrespective of the different selection pressures applied over a number of years to this breed through variation in farm management and market forces present in either country. From these data, generalized linear models were constructed to predict pelvic area; they correctly identified cows with either small or large pelvic areas. There were no significant differences in pelvic conformation between cattle bred either in Belgium or the UK, although those cows bred in herds where natural calving was allowed to take place had significantly larger internal pelvic height (p < 0.05) and area (p < 0.05) than other Belgian Blue cows. The correlation coefficients between internal pelvic height and width and external pelvic measurements were significant (p < 0.001). These results might facilitate the selection of breeding cows with larger pelvic area so that a higher proportion of cows can calve naturally than currently occurs. However, selection for other traits such as relatively low birth weight combined with higher weaning weight should be carried out at the same time.     

Effect of housing system and boar exposure on estrus expression in weaned sows

Reproductive efficiency depends on detection of estrus, which may be influenced by housing and boar exposure. This experiment investigated the effects of housing system and boar contact on measures of estrus in weaned sows. Mixed-parity sows were randomly assigned to be weaned into gestation crates away from boars (AWC, n = 45), into pens away from boars (AWP, n = 42), or into pens adjacent to a mature boar (ADJ, n = 46). Estrus detection was initiated at approximately 0700 (0 h) and again at 0.25-, 0.5-, 1-, 2-, 4-, and 8-h intervals beginning on d 4 and continuing through d 7 following weaning. Estrus detection involved observation of the standing response after application of nose-to-nose boar exposure, backpressure, and side rubbing. For the AWC sows, a mature boar was moved to the front of the crates for a 10-min period and then removed. Sows housed in AWP were moved approximately 15 m to an empty pen adjacent to a mature boar for a 10-min period, and then returned to their pen. Sows housed ADJ were not moved and estrus detection was performed in their home pen for a 10-min period. The proportion of sows expressing estrus within 7 d from weaning was lowest for ADJ (80%, 37/46) compared with AWP (98%, 41/42) and AWC (96%, 43/45; P < 0.05). There was an effect of interval from weaning to estrus on the percentage of sows expressing estrus, but there was no interaction with treatment. Sows in AWC and AWP (4.7 d) had decreased (P = 0.01) intervals from weaning to estrus compared with ADJ (5.2 d). The duration of estrus was also shorter (P < 0.001) for ADJ (45 h) compared with AWC (58 h) or AWP (62 h). There was a treatment x interval x day of estrus effect for the percentage of sows expressing estrus. After detection of the first standing response on the first day of estrus, only 62 to 82% of sows were detected standing over the next 2 h for all treatments. However, at 4 to 8 h, this increased to 85 to 98% for the AWC and AWP sows, but <73% of the ADJ sows were detected during this period. On the second day of estrus, estrus expression was not influenced by interval for the AWC and AWP sows and was between 90 to 100% during the 8-h period, whereas ADJ sow detection rates were between 68 to 88%. These data suggest that housing sows adjacent to boars negatively affects estrus expression and detection. In addition, refractory behavior occurs in approximately 30 to 40% of sows and is influenced by housing relative to the boar, day of estrus, and interval from last boar exposure.     

Recruitment and selection of ovarian follicles for determination of ovulation rate in the pig

Gonadotropins determine the follicle selection and ovulation rate. Follicle growth is independent of gonadotropins until antrum formation, at which time recruitment occurs. Once recruited, follicles will continue to grow or degenerate. In gilts, visible surface follicles are classified as small (<3mm), medium (3-6.9 mm) and large (> or =7.0mm). At estrus (day 0), there are approximately 15 small and medium follicles, and approximately 15 large follicles. By day 3, there may be approximately 30 small, 5 medium and no large follicles. During the remainder of the luteal phase, the pool of follicles increases and peaks at day 11-13 with approximately 50 small, and 30 medium, but with no large follicles observed. By the start of the follicular phase at day 15, numbers of small and medium follicles rapidly decline, while a pool of medium follicles is selected for the ovulation. The size of large follicles at estrus is heterogeneous (6.5-10.0 mm) but their number is reflective of the subsequent number of corpora lutea found following the ovulation. However, the time of medium follicle selection for ovulation is variable during the late luteal and early follicular phases. Suppression of FSH before and at the time of luteolysis reduces medium and large follicles but does not reduce the ovulation rate. In contrast, suppression of FSH for 3 days or unilateral ovariectomy after 3 days of the follicular phase prevents full ovulatory compensation. Therefore, FSH appears to be involved in the maintenance of a pool of medium follicles that can be selected by LH to mature and ovulate.     

乳酸菌添加剂对禾本科混合牧草青贮发酵特性的影响

选用分离于青贮原料牧草天然附着的植物乳杆菌（Lactobacillus plantarum）和蒙氏肠球菌（Enterococcusmundtii）作为添加剂,进行披碱草和老芒麦混合牧草青贮发酵特性的研究。试验分4个处理：球菌组（Em）、杆菌组（Lp）、球菌＋杆菌组（EL）、对照组（Con,不添加）。实验室常温发酵。试验期60 d。结果表明：（1）与Con组相比,Em、Lp以及EL组均明显降低青贮pH（P〈0.05）。（2）Em与Lp以及EL组都明显增加乳酸含量（P〈0.05）,以及乳酸与乙酸的比值,其中EL组增加效果最显著（P〈0.05）;此外3个添加组丙酸及丁酸的含量明显下降（P〈0.05）。（3）EL组显著降低青贮中NH3-N含量（P〈0.05）,Em、Lp组也有降低的趋势,但未达显著水平（P〉0.05）。（4）添加乳酸菌可以降低青贮DM的损失量,与对照组相比Em、Lp以及EL组DM的损失量分别降低了38.4%、43.4%、23.4%。综上所述添加乳酸菌可以改善试验牧草青贮发酵品质,球菌＋杆菌组（EL组）对试验牧草青贮品质改善效果最优。     

Total soil carbon assessment: linking field,lab, and landscape through VNIR modelling

Context

Point based measurements provide only a limited overview of landscape variation in measured properties. Upscaling of measurements from point to landscape comes with challenges particularly considering error propagation.

Objectives

We investigated the impact of using proximal derived measurements of soil total carbon taken at point locations on upscaling to landscape levels.

Methods

1087 soil samples across Florida, USA were collected, laboratory (LAB) analysed for total carbon (TC), and then measured using visible-/near-infrared (VNIR) spectroscopy. Proximal TC values were generated through chemometric modelling using random forest (RF) and partial least squares (PLS) regression. These three datasets were then upscaled to the State of Florida, USA using ordinary kriging and compared.

Results

R² (RPD) values for the PLS and RF chemometric models were 88% (2.96) and 91% (3.23), respectively. All 3 spatial models had an accuracy of 54% on an independent validation dataset, with greater than 70% accuracy if predicted values were considered within the interpolation variance range. When comparing spatial interpolations derived from the proximally measured samples, only 18% of the PLS versus 51% of the RF fell within a range of 0.05 logTC (g kg^?1) of the LAB measured interpolations.

Conclusions

Using proximal sampling and modelling provides comparable output to laboratory measured soil TC measurements at point level, but when upscaled to landscape level the selection of proximal modelling method will impact the spatial interpolations derived. The error propagation within sequential modelling must be considered particularly when one wishes to use sequential modelling to analyse change in environmental properties.

     

Effectiveness of controlled internal drug release device treatment to alleviate reproductive seasonality in anestrus lactating or dry Barki and Rahmani ewes during non‐breeding season

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of hormonal treatments on ovarian activity and reproductive performance in Barki and Rahmani ewes during non‐breeding season. Forty‐eight multiparous ewes, 24 Barki and 24 Rahmani ewes were divided into two groups, 12 lactating and 12 dry ewes for each breed. Controlled internal drug release (CIDR) device was inserted in all ewes for 14 days in conjunction with intramuscular 500 IU equine chronic gonadotrophin (eCG) at day of CIDR removal. Data were analysed using PROC MIXED of SAS for repeated measures. Breed, physiological status and days were used as fixed effects and individual ewes as random effects. Barki ewes recorded higher (p < .05) total number of follicles, number of large follicles, serum estradiol concentration and estradiol: progesterone (E₂:P₄) ratio compared to Rahmani ewes. Lactating ewes recorded higher (p < .05) number of small follicles and lower concentration of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) compared to dry ewes. Number and diameter of large follicles recorded the highest (p < .05) values accompanied with disappearance of corpora lutea at day of mating. Serum progesterone concentration recorded lower (p < .05) value at day of mating and the highest (p < .05) value at day 35 after mating. CIDR‐eCG protocol induced 100% oestrous behaviour in both breeds, but Rahmani ewes recorded longer (p < .05) oestrous duration compared to Barki. Conception failure was higher (p < .05) in Barki compared to Rahmani ewes. In conclusion, CIDR‐eCG protocol was more potent in improving ovarian activity in Barki compared to Rahmani ewes, but this protocol seems to induce hormonal imbalance in Barki ewes that resulted in increasing conception failure compared to Rahmani ewes.