Clinical effect of buprenorphine or butorphanol,in combination with detomidine and diazepam,on sedation and postoperative pain after cheek tooth extraction in horses

The objective of this study was to compare effects of butorphanol (BUT) or buprenorphine (BUP), in combination with detomidine and diazepam, on the sedation quality, surgical conditions, and postoperative pain control after cheek tooth extraction in horses, randomly allocated to 2 treatment groups (BUT: n = 20; BUP: n = 20). A bolus of detomidine (15 μg/kg, IV) was followed by either BUP (7.5 μg/kg, IV) or BUT (0.05 mg/kg, IV). After 20 min, diazepam (0.01 mg/kg, IV) was administered and sedation was maintained with a detomidine IV infusion (20 μg/kg/h), with rate adjusted based on scores to 5 variables. All horses received a nerve block (maxillary or mandibular), and gingival infiltration with mepivacaine. Sedation quality was assessed by the surgeon from 1 (excellent) to 10 (surgery not feasible). A pain scoring system (EQUUS-FAP) was used to assess postoperative pain. Serum cortisol concentrations and locomotor activity (pedometers) were measured.Horses in BUP and BUT required a median detomidine infusion rate of 30.2 μg/kg/h (20 to 74.4 μg/kg/h) and 32.2 μg/kg/h (20 to 48.1 μg/kg/h), respectively (P = 0.22). Horses in the BUP group had better sedation quality (P < 0.05) during surgery and higher step counts (P < 0.001) postoperatively. Buprenorphine combined with detomidine provided a more reliable sedation than butorphanol. However, the EQUUS-FAP pain scale became unreliable because of BUP-induced excitement behavior.     

Plethysmographic comparison of breathing pattern in heaves (recurrent airway obstruction) versus experimental bronchoconstriction or hyperpnea in horses

BACKGROUND: Horses with recurrent airway obstruction (heaves) are described as exhibiting "increased abdominal effort," but it is unknown whether this translates to an effective contribution to ventilation. HYPOTHESIS: We hypothesized that heaves is characterized by asynchrony between rib cage and abdominal motions, and that the abdominal component is the major contributor to ventilation. ANIMALS: The rib cage versus abdominal motion in naturally occurring heaves (n = 15) was compared to controls at rest (n = 7) and during hyperpnea because of lobeline treatment, and the effects of histamine-induced bronchoconstriction in controls (n = 10). METHODS: Flow patterns, phase angle (theta) between the rib and abdominal compartments, abdominal (Vabd) contribution to tidal volume (VT), and lung mechanics were measured. RESULTS: Findings unique to the heaves group included the loss of biphasic expiratory flow, severely increased theta with the abdomen consistently lagging behind the rib cage, and a reduced contribution of the abdomen to ventilation. A subgroup of heaves (n = 5) with abdominal paradox showed a significant (P < .05) reduction in tidal volume, and increased respiratory rate. Bronchodilation reduced theta in heaves (P = .06), but theta remained significantly higher after bronchodilation than found in controls. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: We conclude that breathing pattern in horses with heaves is characterized by severe rib cage/abdominal asynchrony, with the rib cage motion in synchrony with flow, therefore dominating ventilation. In a subset of heaves, the abdominal compartment (diaphragm, abdominal muscles) was completely out of synchrony with flow ("abdominal paradox") despite the clinical appearance of "increased abdominal effort."     

能否像种蘑菇一样生产商品肉猪

在最近的10年中,现代猪种的生产性能已经得到了显著的提高,并且今后肯定将进一步提高。然而,猪生产性能的提高存在着一定的限度,因为尽管猪的遗传潜力得到了提高,但由于动物营养和保健技术进展缓慢使该潜力极少能够实现。     

Einige neue Erkenntnisse über die Bionomie der europäischen Monochamus-Arten (Col. Cerambyc.)1)

Ohne ZusammenfassungVortrag gehalten beim ersten Südtiroler Entomologentag in Dietenheim, 22. September 1970.I 39042 Brixen, Prov. Bozen/Italien, Rienzdamm 38     

Untersuchungen über das Auftreten und die Lebensweise des WellenbockesSemanotus undatus L.(Col., Cerambycidae)

Zusammenfassung Anhand der Analyse einer stark befallenen Fichte(Picea excelsa), wurde eine eingehende Untersuchung über die Bionomie vonSemanotus undatus L. durchgeführt. Die Art befällt zusammen mit verschiedenen Borkenkäfern. der GattungPityogenes, Pityophthorus undPolygraphus, kürzlich abgestorbene Nadelhölzer. Die Weibchen legen im Frühjahr an die 30 weißliche, 1,6 mm lange Eier einzeln unter Rindenschuppen ab, aus denen nach 1–2 Wochen die Eilarven schlüpfen. Die Larven minieren zwischen Rinde und Splint (Abb.) und gehen nach Abschluß ihrer 2–4 monatigen Fraßtätigkeit zur Verpuppung mit einem Hakengang (Abb.) 2–8 cm tief ins Holz. Der Großteil der Larven verpuppt sich schon im August/September, der nach dreiwöchiger Puppenruhe schlüpfende Käfer überwintert dann in der Puppenwiege, die er erst im kommenden März/April verläßt. Etwa 1/3 der erwachsenen Larven ü berwintert jedoch im Larvenstadium und verpuppt sich erst im nächsten Frühjahr. Dieses unterschiedliche Verhalten in der Überwinterungsform ist zum Teil temperaturbedingt und führt im Mai/Juni zu einer zweiten verspäteten Erscheinungswelle der Käfer. Die Käfer haben eine Aktivitätsperiode von 1–3 Wochen, während der sie keinerlei Nahrung zu sich nehmen. Der durch die Hakengänge verursachte technische Schaden gleicht dem derTetropium-Arten, reicht aber durch das viel sporadischere Auftreten dieser boreomontanen Art in seiner Bedeutung bei weitem nicht an den vonTetropium verursachten heran.     

Decomposition of needle/leaf litter from Scots pine, black cherry, common oak and European beech at a conurbation forest site

Litter decomposition was studied for 2 years in a mixed forest serving as a water protection area (Rhine-Neckar conurbation, SW Germany). Two experiments differing in initial dry weight equivalent in litterbags were set up: one to compare decomposition of European beech leaves (Fagus sylvatica) with common oak leaves (Quercus robur), and the other comparing decomposition of Scots pine needles (Pinus sylvestris) with black cherry leaves (Prunus serotina Ehrh.), respectively. Mass losses were greater for oak litter than for beech (75.0 versus 34.6%), and for cherry litter than for pine (94.6 versus 68.3%). In both experiments, a strong initial loss of soluble compounds occurred. The changes in litter N and P concentrations and the decrease in C-to-N ratio coincided with changes in residual mass. However, neither tannin and phenolic concentrations nor NMR could explain the pronounced variation in mass loss after 2 years. Differences in litter palatability and toughness, nutrient contents and other organic compounds may be responsible for the considerable differences in residual mass between litter types. The fast decay of black cherry leaves appears to play a major role in the present humus dynamics at the studied site. Since black cherry has a high N demand, which is mainly met by root uptake from the forest floor, this species is crucial for internal N cycling at this conurbation forest site. These effects together may significantly contribute to prevent nitrate leaching from the forest ecosystem which is subject to a continuous N deposition on an elevated level.     

Eine Anordnung zur Messung kleiner Sauerstoffaustauschraten photosynthetisierender Algen bei geringen Lichtintensitäten

Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Meßanordnung zur amperometrischen Registrierung der relativen Nettosauerstoffaustauschrate mittels einer membrangeschützten Platinelektrode beschrieben, die besonders für die Verwendung kleiner Versuchsobjekte (einzelliger Algen und isolierter Chloroplasten) geeignet ist. Die hohe Empfindlichkeit ermöglicht die Analyse von Sauer-stoffaustauschraten unter Verwendung monochromatischen Lichtes relativ hoher spektraler Reinheit. Die gute Stabilität des Elektrodenpotentials läßt eine große Verstärkung des Meßwertes und eine direkte Registrierung des Anstiegs der relativen Sauerstoffaustauschrate zu.

---

Summary An amperometric device is described for the registration of relative oxygen exchange rates of small particles such as algae or isolated chloroplasts. The high sensitivity of the electrode according to the Clark-type make possible the application of monochromatic light with small half band wides for examination of photosynthetic reactions. The employed Ag/AgO-reference electrode has a very stable potential and allows a high amplification necessary for direct registration of the oxygen exchange rate derivatives. Some examples are given for registrated exchange rates.

---

¶rt;- ¶rt;, . , , , . . . .