Studies on the effect of nutritional factors on the rumen mucosa. 2. Report. Morphological conditions after feeding with fattening rations in various physical forms]

3 groups of fattening cattle (DSR breed) were fed rations of nearly identical composition for a period of 395-455 days. The rations consisted of either crushed (group I), finely ground (group II) or finely ground and pelleted material (group III). Samples of the ruminal mucosa from 26 animals were investigated macroscopically, microscopically and histologically. All samples from animals of group I were found to be normal whereas clumping of the villi, hyperkeratosis, atrophy and loss of villi over 40%-50% of the surface of the ruminal mucosa were observed in the animals from group II, and, to a larger extent in animals of group III. The main reason for the mentioned changes of that kind are the very fine foodstuff particles, less than 0.05 to 0.5 mm in length, which form extraneous deposits in the mucosa or act as cement substances between neighbouring villi. This leads to hyperkeratosis because these particles prevent desquamation of the corneal cells and at the same time produce conditions of compression; these, in turn, result in a hardening of the newly formed stratum corneum. Hypertrophy of the undamaged villi was observed in animals of group III receiving the pelleted ration (thickness of villi group III: 243 mum as compared with group I:196 mum). The unfavourable morphological state of the ruminal mucosa in animals of group III was associated with a reduced rate of daily weight gains and increased food consumption.     

Phytochemische Untersuchungen an Pflanzen der einheimischen Flora und des Gaterslebener Sortiments

Zusammenfassung In Fortführung früherer Untersuchungen wurden weitere 148 Pflanzenarten aus 20 Familien vor allem des Gaterslebener Sortiments nach einem Standardverfahren orientierend auf vorkommende Alkaloide und Saponine geprüft.

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Summary In continuation of former investigations 148 further plant species belonging to 20 families mainly from the collection at Gatersleben have been studied preliminarily for occurring alkaloids and saponins using a standard procedure.

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. 148 20 , . .

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II. Mitteilung: Aurich und Mitarb. (1966).     

Significance of DOM in the translocation of cations and acidity in acid forest soils

We estimated the contribution of dissolved organic matter (DOM) to cation leaching and the translocation of acidity in three acid forest soils. The analysis was based on monitored (2 years) concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the field, measured total acidities of DOM, and measured as well as predicted weighted mean dissociation constants of the organic acids. Although the forest floor solutions were strongly acidic (pH 3.47–4.10), a considerable proportion of the organic acids was dissociated and organic anions represented 22–40% of the total anions in the mineral soil input. The flux of DOM-associated exchangeable protons from the forest floor to the mineral soil ranged from 0.35 (Wülfersreuth) to 3.72 (Hohe Matzen) kmol ha^?1 yr^?1. In the subsoil, this organic acidity may be neutralized by microbial decomposition of the organic acids, but a part of the hydrogen ions may dissociate and contribute to acidification of the soil solution and to weathering processes. Due to the pronounced retention of DOM in the mineral subsoil horizons, the contribution of DOM to the output of cations and acidity from the soil is much lower than in the surface horizons but still significant.?     

Genauigkeit von Bodenfeuchtemessungen mit „Time Domain-Reflektometrie” und., Frequency Domain-Sensoren”︁ in heterogenen Waldböden

Precision of soil moisture measurements done with “Time Domain Reflectometry” and “Frequency Domain Probes” in heterogeneous forest soils Using “Time Domain Reflectometry” (TDR) and “Frequency Domain” (FD) technique soil moisture of a homogenized soil- substrate of silty loam was measured in the lab as well as soil moisture of the same silty loam and of two soils with coarser texture and more heterogeneous structure in situ. These measurements were compared with gravimetric soil moisture measurements done at the same measuring sites. Thus the measuring errors caused by soil heterogeneities should be assessed. The standard error of both, the TDR- and the FD- probes amounted to less than 1 Vol%, at the in situ measurements as well as in the homogenized substrate. In the homogenized substrate under relatively dry conditions soil moisture was overestimated to about 2 Vol% by both electronical methods, which is most likely the result of compactions in the contact zone between rods and the soil caused by the insertion of the rods. In the field both electronical methods, however, underestimated the soil moisture up to 14 Vol%. This applied especially to the surface of the mineral soil and under the influence of high stone contents. This deviation is interpreted as an effect of gaps along the rods, caused by the insertion. In loosely packed and stony upper soils we propose therefore to install the rods in homogenized autochtoneous soil material having settled to its natural bulk density instead of inserting them into the natural layered soil.     

Nitrogen turnover in soil after application of animal manure and slurry as studied by the stable isotope 15N: A review

In the last decades many aspects of nitrogen turnover have been studied by ¹⁵N methods. In this article contemporary ¹⁵N tracer as well as natural ¹⁵N abundance methods for the study of animal manure turnover are briefly reviewed. The nitrogen dynamics after application of farmyard manure and slurry are elucidated. Here, emphasis was put on results from ¹⁵N stable isotope work in the fields of nitrogen immobilization, nitrogenous trace gas emissions, turnover of organic nitrogen fractions, and finally plant uptake. Added nitrogen interactions, which must be considered when interpreting ¹⁵N studies, are discussed. Finally promising research fields for the use of stable isotopes are outlined.     

Zu anbaueignung und Qualitätsparame‐tern nachwachsender Rohstoffpflanzen auf Grundwasserbeeinflussten Niederungsstandorten

Niederungsgrünland ist für den Anbau von Gräsern als nachwachsende Rohstoffpflanzen zur Biomasseproduktion prinzipiell geeignet.

Auf Niedermoorstandorten erwies sich Phalaris arundinacea als leistungsfähige und technologisch vorteilhafte Art. Auf Sand‐Humus‐Gley brachte Miscanthus sinensis günstige Ergebnisse hinsichtlich Ertragsleistung und Wasserverwertung.

Umwelbelastungen durch Nährstoffaustrag ins Grundwasser ergaben sich nur bei mangelhafter Entwicklung der Pflanzenbestände (z. B. Nichteignung von Miscanthus für Niedermoor) bzw. überhöhter Düngung.

Hauptverwendungszweck der geprüften Gräser dürfte auf dem Energiesektor liegen. Brennstoff‐ und Ascheparameter sind mit denen des Getreidestrohs vergleichbar. Die Biomasse könnte aufgrund der ermittelten Qualitätsparameter auch zur Herstellung von Papier und Verpackungsmaterial verwendet werden.