Investigating plant chemicals and trade-offs between adult preference and larval performance of the rice water weevil

Journal of Pest Science - Herbivores use plant chemicals for host plant selection to maximize their own and/or offspring performance. Since host plants that are optimal for mother and offspring are...     

野生动物容纳量研究进展

环境容纳量是体现生物生存环境限制的重要指标,是合理调节种群数量的重要依据.该文以"野生动物容纳量""种群生存力分析"和"wildlife carrying capacity"为检索关键词,从CNKI和WOS中筛选出了59篇相关文献进行了总结分析.结果表明:野生动物容纳量的研究主要集中在营养容纳量和空间容纳量,其中以营养容纳量研究最为常见,在野生动物空间容纳量上还有探索空间;目前对鹿科动物容纳量的研究较多,对其余科属种的动物研究还不足;影响野生动物容纳量的主要因素有环境资源状况(数量、质量、波动)、动物个体在维持生存和生产过程中对营养物质的需求、生物对生境内资源的利用状况(数量、形式、效率和波动等)、生物种内及种间关系.考虑上述因素深入系统的研究还不够,动物栖息地容纳量具有动态性,一般选择冬季评估野生动物栖息地的容纳量,以有效判断环境容纳量的最低限值.为实施野生动物特别是珍稀物种栖息地精准管理,很有必要针对年际和年内水文差异开展野生动物动态容纳量研究.     

火干扰恢复初期土壤呼吸及其组分与土壤温湿度关系

以内蒙古大兴安岭冻土区草类-兴安落叶松林火烧迹地为研究对象,采用定位观测测定土壤呼吸、土壤温湿度变化,分析火干扰初期重度火烧迹地土壤呼吸速率(RS)及其组分变化,探讨土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度、湿度的相关性,寻找林火干扰恢复初期冻土区土壤呼吸及其组分规律.结果表明:林火干扰当年对土壤呼吸与土壤异氧呼吸的影响较小;随恢复时间的推移,火烧样地土壤呼吸与土壤异氧呼吸逐渐增强.火干扰后恢复的前3年,火烧样地较未火烧样地相比,RS增加了13.14％,土壤异养呼吸速率(RH)增加了38.38％,土壤自养呼吸速率(RA)降低34.09％.林火干扰对土壤呼吸、土壤异养呼吸有增强作用,对土壤自养呼吸有抑制作用.林火干扰后,土壤异养呼吸的增加抵消土壤自养呼吸的减少,土壤深度为10 cm处的土壤温度(T10)、湿度(W10)均升高,RS、RH与T10的拟合度增强,RA与T10的拟合度降低.林火干扰降低了土壤呼吸及其组分对T10的温度敏感系数(Q10).火烧样地、未火烧样地土壤呼吸及其组分与W10呈显著正相关关系,但拟合系数较低(R2>0.13,P<0.05).     

水源更换对自来水厂进水泵房给水泵的影响

以杭州市清泰水厂进水泵房给水泵为对象,通过对千岛湖作为第二供应水源后水质变化进行理论分析和试验研究,以及水源变化后水泵实际流量扬程等性能进行分析研究,提出在千岛湖、钱塘江等多水源下给水泵的选型设计。通过给水泵叶轮切削的方式,使给水泵新的工况点处于高效区域内,确保给水泵安全顺利生产运行,提高进水泵房给水泵的效率,满足日供水量的要求。     

Effect of starving and feeding on some haematological and physiological responses of the Nile catfish, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Clarias gariepinus</Emphasis> exposed to copper at extreme seasons

The lethal concentration for 50% of fish for 96h (96h LC₅₀) of copper (Cu²⁺) was estimated for the Nile catfish (Clarias gariepinus) in extreme seasons, winter and summer, 4.31 and 4.79 mg/l, respectively. The Nile catfish was exposed to 96h LC₅₀ of copper for 7 days in extreme winter and summer. The body indices, haematological parameters as well as some plasma and liver enzyme activities and metabolite level were significantly differed in fish exposed to copper over than those of the control fish. Most of the tested parameters were not significantly different between the control fish of winter and summer (winter, water temperature 18 ± 2°C and summer, 27 ± 2°C). The effect of two ration sizes on copper toxicity in two different seasons on C. gariepinus was justified. It was found that the haematological parameters and the tested plasma activities of enzymes were significantly valid due to season differences. The blood parameters as well as plasma activities of enzymes were significantly differed in fishes fed elevated ration (3%) and exposed to copper challenge. On the other hand, the exploit of low feeding ration (0.5%) along with copper exposure during the examined seasons induced non-significant differences of the tested parameters, from those of the corresponding control. Therefore, the low feeding ration provides some tolerance against the possible water-borne copper exposure.     

Determination of the quality parameters of pike perch <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sander lucioperca</Emphasis> caught by gillnet,longline and harpoon in Turkey

ABSTRACT:   The effects of the different catching methods (gillnet, longline, harpoon) on sensory, chemical (pH, total volatile base nitrogen, K -value) and microbiological (total viable count [TVC]) changes in pike perch Sander lucioperca stored in ice were investigated. The same soaking time was used for both gillnet and longline fishing. The catching method had considerable influence on the freshness quality of pike perch. The acceptable shelf life was 15 days for pike perch caught by gillnet, and 22 days for longline and harpoon. The initial concentrations of inosine monophosphate (2.4 μmol/g) in pike perch caught by gillnet were significantly lower ( P  < 0.05) than longline (4.1 μmol/g), and especially by harpoon (16.7 μmol/g). However, the initial K -values for fish caught by harpoon were significantly ( P  < 0.05) lower (24.36%) than fish caught by longline and gillnet (57.69%, 64.41%, respectively). The average K , Ki, G and H -values at rejection day in terms of sensory assessment were approximately 90, 98, 156 and 40%, respectively, for all catching methods during ice storage. However, TVC reached 7.0 log cfu/g after approximately 11 days of storage for fish caught by gillnet, 19 days for fish caught by longline and 8 days for fish caught by harpoon. The result of this study suggests that the best catching method for preserving the freshness of pike perch is longline, based on the data obtained from the sensory and microbiological analysis.     

Post-release movement and diel activity patterns of hatchery-reared and wild black-spot tuskfish <Emphasis Type="Italic">Choerodon schoenleinii</Emphasis> determined by ultrasonic telemetry

ABSTRACT:   Post-release movement and diel activity patterns of hatchery-reared and wild black-spot tuskfish were examined using ultrasonic telemetry. Five hatchery-reared and four wild fish were released in the sandy bottom of Urasoko Bay, Ishigaki Island, Okinawa, Japan, and monitored using automated monitoring receivers from November 2005 to February 2006. Both hatchery-reared and wild fish tended to stay near the release site for over two weeks, before leaving the release site. Both hatchery-reared and wild tuskfish showed diurnal rhythm intermittently; signals were recorded more frequently in the daytime and less frequently in the nighttime, suggesting that the fish of both origins were active during the day and inactive during the night. These findings indicate that the one-year-old hatchery-reared tuskfish have some consistent behavioral characteristics with those of the wild.     

Quantitative analysis of pattern of gonial proliferation during sexual maturation in Japanese scallop <Emphasis Type="Italic">Patinopecten yessoensis</Emphasis>

ABSTRACT:   This study was undertaken to describe and quantitatively analyze the pattern of development of gametes in the Japanese scallop Patinopecten yessoensis . Incorporation of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) into gonial cells was used to quantitatively detect mitotically active gonial cells. Oogonia increased in number from November to December and decreased rapidly to March. A small number of oocytes was detected in November. Oocytes steadily increased in number and size up to March. The number of spermatogonia slightly increased from November to December, and increased markedly from January to March. Both ratios of BrdU-immunopositive gonial cells in the ovary and testis to gonial cells moderately increased from September to December. The ratio of BrdU-immunopositive spermatogonia to gonial cells drastically increased from January to February and kept an elevated level in March, whereas the oogonia started to disappear in January. The results suggest that the pattern of proliferation of gonial cells can be divided into two phases: (i) phase I, oogonia and spermatogonia slowly proliferate through the growing stage; and (ii) phase II, oogonia develop into oocytes and spermatogonia begin to proliferate rapidly through the mature and spawning stages. The proliferation of gonial cells is likely under different endocrine controls in phases I and II.     

平鲷胚胎发育及仔,稚,幼鱼的形态观察

本文介绍以人工繁殖所获得的平鲷受精卵进行孵化,培育的结果。连续观察并描述该种鱼的胚胎发育过程及仔、稚、幼鱼的形态。     

Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationship of marbofloxacin against Pasteurella multocida in a tissue‐cage model in yellow cattle

The fluoroquinolone antimicrobial drug marbofloxacin was administered to yellow cattle intravenously and intramuscularly at a dose of 2 mg/kg of body weight in a two‐period crossover study. The pharmacokinetic properties of marbofloxacin in serum, inflamed tissue‐cage fluid (exudate), and noninflamed tissue‐cage fluid (transudate) were studied by using a tissue‐cage model. The in vitro and ex vivo activities of marbofloxacin in serum, exudate, and transudate against a pathogenic strain of Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida) were determined. Integration of in vivo pharmacokinetic data with the in vitro MIC provided mean values for the area under the curve (AUC)/MIC for serum, exudate, and transudate of 155.75, 153.00, and 138.88, respectively, after intravenous dosing and 160.50, 151.00, and 137.63, respectively, after intramuscular dosing. After intramuscular dosing, the maximum concentration/MIC ratios for serum, exudate, and transudate were 21.13, 9.13, and 8.38, respectively. The ex vivo growth inhibition data after intramuscular dosing were fitted to the inhibitory sigmoid E_max equation to provide the values of AUC/MIC required to produce bacteriostasis, bactericidal activity, and elimination of bacteria. The respective values for serum were 17.25, 31.29, and 109.62, and slightly lower values were obtained for transudate and exudate. It is proposed that these findings might be used with MIC₅₀ or MIC₉₀ data to provide a rational approach to the design of dosage schedules which optimize efficacy in respect of bacteriological as well as clinical cures.