Content of Nutrient and Antinutrient in Edible Flowers of Wild Plants in Mexico

Nutrient and antinutritional/toxic factors present in some edible flowers consumed in Mexico were determined. The edible flowers were: Agave salmiana, Aloe vera, Arbutus xalapensis, Cucurbita pepo (cultivated), Erythrina americana, Erythrina caribaea, Euphorbia radians benth and Yucca filifera. The nutrient content in the flowers studied is similar to that of the edible leaves and flowers studied mainly in Africa. The moisture content of the flowers varied from 860 to 932 g kg⁻¹. Crude protein (CP) was between 113 to 275 g kg⁻¹ DM, crude fiber, 104 to 177 g kg⁻¹ DM and the nitrogen free extract, between 425 to 667 g kg⁻¹ DM. The highest chemical score (CS) was found in E. americana and A. salmiana; in five samples the limiting amino acid was lysine, and in three of them it was tryptophan. Trypsin inhibitors and hemaglutinnins had a very low concentration. Alkaloids were present in both the Erythrina species and the saponins in A. salmiana and Y. filifera. Cyanogenic glucosides were not found in the studied flowers. The traditional process of preparing these specific flowers before consumption is by cooking them and discarding the broth; in this way the toxic substances are diminished or eliminated. These edible flowers from wild plants consumed in local areas of the country play an important role in the diet of the people at least during the short time of the season where they are blooming.     

玉米子粒灌浆的生理机制和分子调控机理

玉米灌浆速率影响干物质的积累和后期的子粒脱水过程,要获得高产优质的玉米必须深入了解玉米子粒灌浆特性。玉米子粒灌浆过程受遗传和环境两个方面共同影响,是一个动态变化的复杂生理代谢过程。对玉米子粒灌浆的生理特性以及子粒灌浆速率的分子调控机制进行概述,为通过调控玉米子粒灌浆速率实现玉米增产提质提供理论依据。     

PL高分辨率遥感影像在森林火灾评估上的应用

【目的】研究仅依靠一种高分辨率遥感影像（PL）用于森林火灾影像信息提取、数据分析的可行性,为火烧程度评估提供可靠的林火遥感数据源和提取方法。【方法】以2017年毕拉河“5·2”特大森林火灾的火烧迹地为研究区域,使用火前、火后当年、火后更新1年共3期PL影像作为数据源,利用ROI _S提取过火区,分析火干扰前后NDVI的变化特征。结合地面调查数据,采用差值归一化植被指数（dNDVI）划分火烧等级,阈值验证参照罗德昆火灾受害等级划分标准进行精度验证。对火烧迹地植被受害状况进行评估,以获取火烧程度的空间分布格局。【结果】1)火干扰导致NDVI值急剧降低,火后更新1年NDVI略有升高,表明植被恢复能力有限。PL遥感影像的3 m高空间分辨率使其RGB图像高度饱和,地类清晰。2)做土地覆盖类型划分,训练样本分离性在1.91以上,共划分为森林、草本沼泽、道路、河流4类。分类整体精度为98.05%,Kappa＿Coefficient为0.95。3)受害程度等级划分为未火烧、轻度火烧、中度火烧、重度火烧4级,分类整体精度为91.55%,Kappa＿Coefficient为0.91。此...     

Investigating plant chemicals and trade-offs between adult preference and larval performance of the rice water weevil

Journal of Pest Science - Herbivores use plant chemicals for host plant selection to maximize their own and/or offspring performance. Since host plants that are optimal for mother and offspring are...     

野生动物容纳量研究进展

环境容纳量是体现生物生存环境限制的重要指标,是合理调节种群数量的重要依据.该文以"野生动物容纳量""种群生存力分析"和"wildlife carrying capacity"为检索关键词,从CNKI和WOS中筛选出了59篇相关文献进行了总结分析.结果表明:野生动物容纳量的研究主要集中在营养容纳量和空间容纳量,其中以营养容纳量研究最为常见,在野生动物空间容纳量上还有探索空间;目前对鹿科动物容纳量的研究较多,对其余科属种的动物研究还不足;影响野生动物容纳量的主要因素有环境资源状况(数量、质量、波动)、动物个体在维持生存和生产过程中对营养物质的需求、生物对生境内资源的利用状况(数量、形式、效率和波动等)、生物种内及种间关系.考虑上述因素深入系统的研究还不够,动物栖息地容纳量具有动态性,一般选择冬季评估野生动物栖息地的容纳量,以有效判断环境容纳量的最低限值.为实施野生动物特别是珍稀物种栖息地精准管理,很有必要针对年际和年内水文差异开展野生动物动态容纳量研究.     

火干扰恢复初期土壤呼吸及其组分与土壤温湿度关系

以内蒙古大兴安岭冻土区草类-兴安落叶松林火烧迹地为研究对象,采用定位观测测定土壤呼吸、土壤温湿度变化,分析火干扰初期重度火烧迹地土壤呼吸速率(RS)及其组分变化,探讨土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度、湿度的相关性,寻找林火干扰恢复初期冻土区土壤呼吸及其组分规律.结果表明:林火干扰当年对土壤呼吸与土壤异氧呼吸的影响较小;随恢复时间的推移,火烧样地土壤呼吸与土壤异氧呼吸逐渐增强.火干扰后恢复的前3年,火烧样地较未火烧样地相比,RS增加了13.14％,土壤异养呼吸速率(RH)增加了38.38％,土壤自养呼吸速率(RA)降低34.09％.林火干扰对土壤呼吸、土壤异养呼吸有增强作用,对土壤自养呼吸有抑制作用.林火干扰后,土壤异养呼吸的增加抵消土壤自养呼吸的减少,土壤深度为10 cm处的土壤温度(T10)、湿度(W10)均升高,RS、RH与T10的拟合度增强,RA与T10的拟合度降低.林火干扰降低了土壤呼吸及其组分对T10的温度敏感系数(Q10).火烧样地、未火烧样地土壤呼吸及其组分与W10呈显著正相关关系,但拟合系数较低(R2>0.13,P<0.05).     

Effect of starving and feeding on some haematological and physiological responses of the Nile catfish, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Clarias gariepinus</Emphasis> exposed to copper at extreme seasons

The lethal concentration for 50% of fish for 96h (96h LC₅₀) of copper (Cu²⁺) was estimated for the Nile catfish (Clarias gariepinus) in extreme seasons, winter and summer, 4.31 and 4.79 mg/l, respectively. The Nile catfish was exposed to 96h LC₅₀ of copper for 7 days in extreme winter and summer. The body indices, haematological parameters as well as some plasma and liver enzyme activities and metabolite level were significantly differed in fish exposed to copper over than those of the control fish. Most of the tested parameters were not significantly different between the control fish of winter and summer (winter, water temperature 18 ± 2°C and summer, 27 ± 2°C). The effect of two ration sizes on copper toxicity in two different seasons on C. gariepinus was justified. It was found that the haematological parameters and the tested plasma activities of enzymes were significantly valid due to season differences. The blood parameters as well as plasma activities of enzymes were significantly differed in fishes fed elevated ration (3%) and exposed to copper challenge. On the other hand, the exploit of low feeding ration (0.5%) along with copper exposure during the examined seasons induced non-significant differences of the tested parameters, from those of the corresponding control. Therefore, the low feeding ration provides some tolerance against the possible water-borne copper exposure.     

Determination of the quality parameters of pike perch <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sander lucioperca</Emphasis> caught by gillnet,longline and harpoon in Turkey

ABSTRACT:   The effects of the different catching methods (gillnet, longline, harpoon) on sensory, chemical (pH, total volatile base nitrogen, K -value) and microbiological (total viable count [TVC]) changes in pike perch Sander lucioperca stored in ice were investigated. The same soaking time was used for both gillnet and longline fishing. The catching method had considerable influence on the freshness quality of pike perch. The acceptable shelf life was 15 days for pike perch caught by gillnet, and 22 days for longline and harpoon. The initial concentrations of inosine monophosphate (2.4 μmol/g) in pike perch caught by gillnet were significantly lower ( P  < 0.05) than longline (4.1 μmol/g), and especially by harpoon (16.7 μmol/g). However, the initial K -values for fish caught by harpoon were significantly ( P  < 0.05) lower (24.36%) than fish caught by longline and gillnet (57.69%, 64.41%, respectively). The average K , Ki, G and H -values at rejection day in terms of sensory assessment were approximately 90, 98, 156 and 40%, respectively, for all catching methods during ice storage. However, TVC reached 7.0 log cfu/g after approximately 11 days of storage for fish caught by gillnet, 19 days for fish caught by longline and 8 days for fish caught by harpoon. The result of this study suggests that the best catching method for preserving the freshness of pike perch is longline, based on the data obtained from the sensory and microbiological analysis.     

Post-release movement and diel activity patterns of hatchery-reared and wild black-spot tuskfish <Emphasis Type="Italic">Choerodon schoenleinii</Emphasis> determined by ultrasonic telemetry

ABSTRACT:   Post-release movement and diel activity patterns of hatchery-reared and wild black-spot tuskfish were examined using ultrasonic telemetry. Five hatchery-reared and four wild fish were released in the sandy bottom of Urasoko Bay, Ishigaki Island, Okinawa, Japan, and monitored using automated monitoring receivers from November 2005 to February 2006. Both hatchery-reared and wild fish tended to stay near the release site for over two weeks, before leaving the release site. Both hatchery-reared and wild tuskfish showed diurnal rhythm intermittently; signals were recorded more frequently in the daytime and less frequently in the nighttime, suggesting that the fish of both origins were active during the day and inactive during the night. These findings indicate that the one-year-old hatchery-reared tuskfish have some consistent behavioral characteristics with those of the wild.