乌鳢的常见疾病

乌鳢 (Ｃｈａｎｎａａｒｇｕｓｃａｎｔｏｒ)经济价值较高 ,其养殖规模正日益扩大。本文通过文献和笔者自己的研究 ,阐述已知的乌鳢多发病的病因、病原、症状和防治方法。1　乌鳢败血病雷爱莹等认为该病为嗜水气单胞菌和豚鼠气单胞菌感染所致。前者在普通营养琼脂培养基上2 4ｈ形成边缘整齐 ,表面湿润 ,质地粘稠 ,微凸 ,半透明的圆形菌落 ,其菌体为革兰氏阴性、能运动的短杆菌。豚鼠气单胞菌在普通营养琼脂培养基上 2 4ｈ形成圆形、湿润、表面光滑、边缘整齐、微凸、乳白色的菌落 ,亦为革兰氏阴性能运动的短杆菌。两菌株与氧化酶、过氧化酶…     

Changes in the gut microbiome of the Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) in response to White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection

Intestinal microorganisms play important roles in maintaining host health, but their functions in aquatic animal hosts have yet to be fully elucidated. The Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis, is one such example. We attempted to identify the shift of gut microbiota that occurred in response to infection of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), an emerging viral pathogen in the crab aquaculture industry. The microbiota may exert some control over aspects of the viral pathogenesis. We investigated the changes in composition and structure of the crab gut microbiome during various WSSV infection stages of 6 h post‐infection (hpi) and 48 hpi, using a 16S rRNA approach on the MiSeq Illumina sequencing platform. Four phyla (Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Tenericutes and Bacteroidetes) were most dominant in the gut of E. sinensis regardless of the WSSV infection stages. However, further analysis revealed that over 12 bacterial phyla, 44 orders and 68 families were significantly different in abundance at various states of WSSV infection. Several intriguing aspects of E. sinensis gut bacteria that had not been previously reported were also uncovered, such as class Mollicutes was dominant here, but absent in crabs from Yangtze River estuary and Chongming Islands. Overall, this study provided the first evidence that changes in gut microbiome were closely associated with the severity of WSSV infection and that indicator taxa could be used to evaluate the crab health status.     

马铃薯晚疫病发生因素研究

世界各地种植马铃薯的地区,都有晚疫病的发生,不同地区晚疫病发生因素不尽相同,损失程度也由多方面因素决定的。作者结合部分试验结果,论述了气候条件、种植品种、田间管理和药剂防治四方面对马铃薯晚疫病的影响。其中气候条件对马铃薯晚疫病影响最大。     

茶叶多糖的组合及免疫活性研究

用粗老茶制备要多糖（ＴＰＳ）的粗品（ＴＰＳ１）经脱蛋白处理过凝胶柱纯后得ＴＰＳ的纯品（ＴＰＳ２）,然后用ＵＶ、ＩＲ、ＨＰＬＣ、ＧＣ及常规成分分析等方法比较了ＴＰＳ１和ＴＰＳ２之间的组分差异;用ＡＡ（佐剂性关节炎）大鼠和正常小鼠为对象。比较ＴＰＳ１和ＴＰＳ２对动物免疫活性的影响。     

Transmissible gastroenteritis virus infection induces apoptosis through FasL- and mitochondria-mediated pathways

Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) has been reported to induce apoptosis in swine testis (ST) cells. However, the mechanisms underlying TGEV-induced apoptosis are still unclear. In this study we observed that TGEV infection induced apoptosis in porcine kidney (PK-15) cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. TGEV infection up-regulated FasL, activated FasL-mediated apoptotic pathway, leading to activation of caspase-8 and cleavage of Bid. In addition, TGEV infection down-regulated Bcl-2, up-regulated Bax expression, promoted translocation of Bax to mitochondria, activated mitochondria-mediated apoptotic pathway, which in turn caused the release of cytochrome c and the activation of caspase-9. Both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways activated downstream effector caspase-3, followed by the cleavage of PARP, resulting in cell apoptosis. Moreover, TGEV infection did not induce significant DNA fragmentation in ammonium chloride (NH(4)Cl) pretreated PK-15 cells or cells infected with UV-inactivated TGEV. In turn, block of caspases activation also did not affect TGEV replication. Taken together, this study demonstrates that TGEV-induced apoptosis is dependent on viral replication in PK-15 cells and occurs through activation of FasL- and mitochondria-mediated apoptotic pathways.     

水分胁迫下转DREB3基因抗旱大豆的生理反应

采用田间试验方法,在苗期和初花期自然状态、水分胁迫以及充足灌水条件下,研究了转DREB3基因抗旱大豆叶片、茎、根中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,丙二醛(MDA)、脯氨酸和蔗糖含量的变化。结果表明,在自然状态下,苗期水分胁迫第5天时,转DREB3基因抗旱大豆叶片SOD活性显著高于受体大豆东农50,初花期无明显变化;苗期和初花期转DREB3基因抗旱大豆叶片、茎和根中丙二醛、脯氨酸含量与受体大豆东农50相比无明显差异;苗期转DREB3基因抗旱大豆叶片和根中蔗糖含量显著低于受体大豆东农50,初花期差异不显著。在水分胁迫条件下,转DREB3基因抗旱大豆SOD活性显著高于受体大豆东农50,丙二醛含量显著低于受体大豆东农50,初花期水分胁迫第10天时叶片和茎中脯氨酸含量显著高于受体大豆东农50,蔗糖含量显著低于受体大豆东农50。充足灌水管理下,转DREB3基因抗旱大豆与受体大豆东农50相比,苗期和初花期叶片、茎和根中SOD活性、丙二醛和脯氨酸含量无明显差异;苗期转DREB3基因抗旱大豆叶片中蔗糖含量显著低于受体大豆东农50,但在初花期水分胁迫10天时转DREB3基因抗旱大豆叶片中蔗糖含量显著高于受体大豆东农50,苗期和初花期茎和根中蔗糖含量无显著差异。     

Mapping and validation of the quantitative trait loci for leaf stay‐green‐associated parameters in maize

Functional stay‐green is generally regarded as a desirable trait of varieties in major crops including maize. In this study, we used an F_3:4 recombinant inbred line population with 165 lines from a cross between a stay‐green inbred line (Zheng58) and a model inbred line (B73) using 211 polymorphic simple sequence repeat markers to map quantitative trait loci for three stay‐green‐associated parameters, chlorophyll content, photosystem II photochemical efficiency and stay‐green area, at maturity stage, detected a total of 23 quantitative trait loci (QTL) on nine chromosomes. Single QTL explained 3.7–13.5% of the phenotypic variance. Additionally, we validated some important stay‐green QTL using a heterogeneous inbred family approach and found that the stay‐green‐associated parameters were significantly correlated with the plant yield. This study may contribute to a better insight into the regulatory mechanism behind leaf stay‐green in maize and a novel development of elite maize varieties with delayed leaf senescence through molecular marker‐assisted selection.     

水貂阿留申病毒环介导等温扩增（LAMP）检测方法的建立

为建立一种简便、快速、特异的水貂阿留申病毒（ADV）检测方法,根据GenBank中已登录的ADV基因组序列,选择水貂阿留申病毒VP2基因作为靶基因,设计并合成5套环介导等温扩增（LAMP）反应所需的引物,通过试验筛选出最佳引物,并进行最佳引物的特异性及敏感性试验,建立了LAMP快速检测方法。试验结果表明,该方法比普通PCR方法灵敏性高10倍,与其他的水貂源病毒不发生非特异性反应,并且具有良好的重复性。利用建立的LAMP检测方法对30份临床样品的阳性检出率为6.7%。该方法简便快速,为水貂阿留申病的检测提供了新的发展方向,有望成为简易的常规检测手段,尤其适用于基层应用。     

应用耕水机养殖南美白对虾的试验

为探索一条新的水产养殖途径,该文利用耕水机进行南美白对虾养殖对比试验。在一个养殖周期内对溶解氧、温度、pH值和亚硝酸盐等水环境因子及南美白对虾生长情况、品质和经济效益进行了分析研究。试验结果表明：与非耕水机养殖比较,使用耕水机能够提高水体溶解氧均匀度和温度均匀度,增加池塘溶解氧含量;维持水体pH值在7.6～8.9之间;降低水体亚硝酸盐含量;对虾生长速度快且品质优良;节约耗电量56.9%、饵料15.5%、药费45.4%;提高单位面积产量20.1%。试验和分析结果证明使用耕水机能够改善水体环境,降低养殖成本,增加养殖收入,有较高的实际应用价值。     

黄土沟壑区切沟植被的激光点云滤波及地形构建

为了获取黄土沟壑区切沟的高精度地面高程模型(DEM),该文针对其植被特点,提出一种基于激光回光强度衰减模型的植被滤波方法。首先建立回光强度随距离的衰减模型,通过得到的衰减系数,对点云作回光强度补偿。其次提出融合回光强度的自适应分块拟合法,在Matlab7.6中对甘肃天水桥子沟切沟点云数据应用该方法进行滤波。滤波后植被点数为160 517,占点云总数的34.04%。对比滤波前后切沟数据,地面点集的高程均方根误差由0.1430降到0.1324,滤波后等高线毛刺基本消除,地面特征保持良好。对比该文方法、回光强度分类法、曲面拟合法的均方根误差分别为0.1324、0.1398、0.1412,说明该文方法降低了切沟DEM的误差。通过计算滤波前后DEM高程差的累积概率,得到桥子沟试验区一条典型切沟的植被盖度分布,沟底植被平均盖度为0.274,左侧A区和右侧B区沟壁植被平均盖度分别为0.802、0.583,得出了右侧沟壁侵蚀速度明显大于左侧且沟头前进速度较快的结论,与2002-2012十年间该切沟实际调查资料对比,沟长增长213.6%,沟宽仅增长83%,一定程度说明植被降低了沟壁的侵蚀速度。试验表明该方法适用于黄土沟壑区切沟点云的植被滤波处理,为建立高精度切沟DEM、切沟的发育监测和水土流失治理提供科学依据。